Lin Zexu, at great political risks, initiated patronizing translation in the Late Imperial China through establishing a private translation agency, organizing edition-translation of newspapers and books published in western countries and censoring translations. His patronage offered translators ideological, economical and social status guarantee and enabled Chinese people to know about barbarians＇ history, geography, politics, laws, and military situations. Translations patronized by him served as reference for official strategies against ba...
