摘要：
This text put forward a framework of ＂P （x,y 又）, Q＂ causal construction, where the mark isn＇t as obvious as other constructions and give an in-depth discussion of its＇ syntactical-semantic constraints and restriction mechanism in discourses. Syntactically, it behaves a certain type of Gestalt and n＋1 （n〉2） is the prototype. Semantically, the construction is constrainted by the logical basis, conjunctional marks, expression way and ellipsis. Pragmatically the first performance of the discourse constraints behaves in different order, where the cognitive domain and syntactic-semantic characteristics are either different. Conversely, once the construction formed, there＇ll be counterforces to the phenomenon of mismatches. Finally, we advocate complex sentences should be a supeior observation point during discussion of discourse constructions.
摘要：
This paper focuses on the formation of modal adverb Qiqi（期期） and mimetic word Qiqi（期期）, by pointing out that it is a language phenomenon formed gradually owing to cognitive differentiation of a salient event. The overlapping use dates from Shiji（史记）, which records it as a speech error phenomenon due to Zhou Chang（周昌）--a royal official＇s stutter. The historical record and diffusion makes it a salient event so that the overlapping use of Qiqi（期期） can remain and diffuse for a long time. During Ming（明） and Qing（清） dynasties, with the speeding up of Chinese lexical disyllablization tendency, Qiqi（期期） gradually achieves evolution from grammatical formation overlapping to word formation overlapping, thus obtaining two results-- --modal adverb Qiqi（期期） and mimetic word Qiqi（期期）. The formation is mainly caused by the differentiation of cognitive results concerning the salient event the popular overlapping of Qiqi（期期） due to Zhou Chang＇s（周昌） stutter as well as the effect of many factors like the syntactic pattern Qiqi（期期） is in, the adjustment of word class status of modal adverb Qi（期）, Chinese lexical disyllabification tendency and so on This paper indicates that a salient event plays an indispensable role in pushing the production and development of a newly-emerging language phenomenon so as to be worth paying close attention to and researching on.
摘要：
In conversational Chinese, when he / she directly quotes others ' words or words of himself / herself in another context, the speaker reuses the introducing elements 'I /( s) he / you+say( 我 / 他 / 你 +说) ' preceding the direct quotations. The phenomenon is termed in this article as'repetition of quotation-introducing elements'. Its major function is to set boundaries between the direct quotation and the speech of the current speaker and to label the identity of direct quotations. It is also a significant feature of spoken Chinese which is highly different from the written register. Through this method, the hearer can definitely make a distinction between the two kinds of speech. The repetition is functionally motivated, and therefore it is widely used not only in Mandarin Chinese, but also in Chinese dialects and other languages.
摘要：
Existing studies generally hold that an object （O） which can be used in the structure ＂wei （ 为 ） ＋ 0 ＋ er（而） ＋ V＂ is an object of purpose. But it is difficult to distinguish an object of purpose from other types of objects with this single criterion. Therefore, the present article proposes a mixed model to identify the object of purpose based on the syntactic and semantic features of a VO structure： a primary criterion and a secondary criterion. The primary one includes two sub-criteria, interrogation criterion and transformation criterion, under each of which there are some specific identification patterns. And the secondary criterion mainly concerns the form and meaning. The article also investigates the typicality of the object of purpose with the above mentioned mixed model, and clarifies some distinctive features between the object ofouroose and other tvoes of obiects.
