作者机构：
[Yu, Xue-Feng; He, Xingchen; Yu, XF; Liu, Yanliang; Liu, Wenjun; Li, Dong; Shi, Tongyu; Wang, Jiahong; Huang, Hao] Chinese Acad Sci, Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol, Mat Interfaces Ctr, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;[Sun, XM; Sun, Xiangming; Gao, Chaosong; Wu, Meng] Cent China Normal Univ, Key Lab Quark & Lepton Phys, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Xin; Zhu, Jiongtao; Ge, Yongshuai; Liang, Dong] Chinese Acad Sci, Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol, Res Ctr Med Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;[Zheng, Hairong; Sheng, Zonghai; Ge, Yongshuai; Liang, Dong; Zheng, HR] Chinese Acad Sci, Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol, Paul C Lauterbur Res Ctr Biomed Imaging, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;[Zheng, Hairong; Yu, Xue-Feng; Sheng, Zonghai; Ge, Yongshuai; Yu, XF; Liang, Dong; Zheng, HR] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Biomed Imaging Sci & Syst, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XM ; Yu, XF; Ge, YS ; Zheng, HR; Yu, XF ] C;Chinese Acad Sci, Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol, Mat Interfaces Ctr, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;Cent China Normal Univ, Key Lab Quark & Lepton Phys, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol, Res Ctr Med Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol, Paul C Lauterbur Res Ctr Biomed Imaging, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China.
摘要：
High performance X-ray detector with ultra-high spatial and temporal resolution are crucial for biomedical imaging. This study reports a dynamic direct-conversion CMOS X-ray detector assembled with screen-printed CsPbBr3, whose mobility-lifetime product is 5.2 x 10-4 cm2 V-1 and X-ray sensitivity is 1.6 x 104 mu C Gyair-1 cm-2. Samples larger than 5 cmx\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times$$\end{document}10 cm can be rapidly imaged by scanning this detector at a speed of 300 frames per second along the vertical and horizontal directions. In comparison to traditional indirect-conversion CMOS X-ray detector, this perovskite CMOS detector offers high spatial resolution (5.0 lp mm-1) X-ray radiographic imaging capability at low radiation dose (260 nGy). Moreover, 3D tomographic images of a biological specimen are also successfully reconstructed. These results highlight the perovskite CMOS detector's potential in high-resolution, large-area, low-dose dynamic biomedical X-ray and CT imaging, as well as in non-destructive X-ray testing and security scanning. Biomedical X-ray imaging requires high spatial and temporal resolution of the detectors. Liu et al. report a screen-printed perovskite direct-conversion X-ray CMOS imager with a spatial resolution of 5 lp mm-1 and a speed of 300 fps for low-dose 2D radiography and 3D computed tomography imaging.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XM ; Xiao, L] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, Peoples R China.
关键词：
High energy physics;Timing circuits;VLSI circuits;Data driven;Detector readout;Front end;Front-end electronic for detector readout;Monolithic active pixel sensors;Node-based;Particle tracking;Particle tracking detector;Tracking detectors;Vertex detectors;Pixels
摘要：
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>We present the design of a prototype MAPS sensor MIC6_V1 based on a 55 nm Quad-well CMOS Image Sensor process for the CEPC vertex detector. A new node-based, data-driven, parallel readout architecture is implemented to achieve high spatial resolution, fast readout, and low power consumption. The size of MIC6_V1 is 2.8 mm × 2.8 mm, which contains a pixel matrix of 64 rows by 64 columns, and the pixel size is 23.6 μ m × 20 μ m. The integration time is 5 μs, and the hit arrival time measurement accuracy is 10 ns.</jats:p>
摘要：
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Within the project of building a time projection chamber using 100 kg of high-pressure
<jats:sup>86</jats:sup>SeF<jats:sub>6</jats:sub> gas to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay in the NvDEx
collaboration, we are developing a CMOS charge sensor, named Topmetal-S, which is tailored for the
experiment to detect the ions without gas amplification. In this work, the performance of
the sensor is presented. The equivalent noise charge of the sensor is measured to be about 120 to
140 e<jats:sup>-</jats:sup> depending on the operating point, with the charge injection capacitance
calibrated against external capacitors. The signal waveforms are investigated with various chip
parameters and experimental settings. In addition to electrons, both negatively and positively
charged ions could be detected, and their waveforms are studied using air and SF<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>
gases. Using the sensor, the mobility of negative ions in ambient air in the atmospheric pressure
is measured to be 1.555 ± 0.038 cm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> · V<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup> · s<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup>. Our study
demonstrates that the Topmetal-S chip could be used as the ion detection charge sensor for the
experiment. Further work is ongoing to reduce the noise of the sensor and to develop a
small readout plane with tens of thesensors.</jats:p>
摘要：
Topmetal-M2 is a large-area pixel sensor chip fabricated using the GSMC 130nm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$130\,\textrm{nm}$$\end{document} CMOS process in 2021. The pixel array of Topmetal-M2 consists of pixels of 400 rows x\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times$$\end{document} 512 columns with a pixel pitch of 45 mu mx45 mu m\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$45\,\mathrm {\mu m} \times 45\,\mathrm {\mu m}$$\end{document}. The array is divided into 16 subarrays, with pixels of 400 rows x\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\times$$\end{document} 32 columns per subarray. Each pixel incorporates two charge sensors: a diode sensor and a Topmetal sensor. The in-pixel circuit primarily consists of a charge-sensitive amplifier for energy measurements, a discriminator with a peak-holding circuit, and a time-to-amplitude converter for time-of-arrival measurements. The pixel of Topmetal-M2 has a charge input range of similar to 0-3ke-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sim 0{-}3\,\mathrm {k\,e<^>-}$$\end{document}, a voltage output range of similar to 0-180mV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sim 0{-}180\,\textrm{mV}$$\end{document}, and a charge-voltage conversion gain of similar to 59.56 mu V/e-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sim 59.56\,\mathrm {\mu V/e<^>-}$$\end{document}. The average equivalent noise charge of Topmetal-M2, which includes the readout electronic system noise, is similar to 43.45e-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sim 43.45\,\mathrm {e<^>-}$$\end{document}. In the scanning mode, the time resolution of Topmetal-M2 is 1LSB=1.25 mu s\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$1\,\textrm{LSB} = 1.25\,\mathrm {\mu s}$$\end{document}, and the precision is similar to 7. 41 mu s\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sim 7.41\,\mathrm {\mu s}$$\end{document}. At an operating voltage of 1.5V\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$1.5\,\textrm{V}$$\end{document}, Topmetal-M2 has a power consumption of similar to 49mW/cm2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sim 49\,\mathrm {mW/cm<^>2}$$\end{document}. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chip architecture, pixel working principles, and functional behavior of Topmetal-M2. Furthermore, we present the results of preliminary tests conducted on Topmetal-M2, namely, alpha-particle and soft X-ray tests.
摘要：
Photon-Counting-Detector-Computed-Tomography (PCD-CT) is a promising new technique for Computed Tomography (CT) imaging. Compared to traditional Energy-Integrating-Detector (EID) CT systems, PCD-CT allows for more refined image reconstruction and lower radiation doses due to its higher energy resolution. Typically, Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) hybrid -pixel detectors are used for PCD-CT. The Application Specific Integrated Circuit ( ASIC ), used in CZT hybrid pixel detectors, must feature a high counting rate to prevent signal pile-up. An ASIC named Topmetal-PCD for CZT hybrid pixel detectors has been designed in a TSMC 180 nm BCD process, featuring a three-side buttable matrix of 20 x 100 pixels with a pitch of 150 mu m. Each pixel is composed of an exposed top-most metal, a Charge Sensitive Preamplifier (CSA), a Peak Detecting and Holding circuit (PDH), two source followers (SFs), three comparators, and three 12 -bit counters. The pixel array is read out through a rolling shutter scheme with a maximum frame rate of up to 1 x 10 4 frame per second (fps). In this paper, only post-layout simulation results are presented. The post-layout simulation results indicate that the analog front end features a gain of similar to 60 mV/fC and an input Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) of 310 e - . The chip can handle a maximum flux of similar to 2 x 10 8 counts per second per square millimeter (cps/mm 2 ) under detector capacitances of less than 100 fF, while the power consumption of the single pixel is as low as 80 mu W under the power supply of 1.8 V. Furthermore, the ASIC also includes an analog readout channel that can directly transmit the signal waveform off the chip.
摘要：
<jats:p>To monitor the position and profile of therapeutic carbon beams in real-time, in this paper, we proposed a system called HiBeam-T. The HiBeam-T is a time projection chamber (TPC) with forty Topmetal-II- CMOS pixel sensors as its readout. Each Topmetal-II- has 72 × 72 pixels with the size of 83 μm × 83 μm. The detector consists of the charge drift region and the charge collection area. The readout electronics comprise three Readout Control Modules and one Clock Synchronization Module. This Hibeam-T has a sensitive area of 20 × 20 cm and can acquire the center of the incident beams. The test with a continuous 80.55 MeV/u 12C6+ beam shows that the measurement resolution to the beam center could reach 6.45 μm for unsaturated beam projections.</jats:p>
通讯机构：
[Liu, J; Zhang, DL ; Gao, CS; Wang, HL] C;[Wang, Z ] G;Guizhou Normal Univ, Sch Phys & Elect Sci, Guiyang, Peoples R China.;Cent China Normal Univ, Key Lab Quark & Lepton Phys MOE, PLAC, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;Hubei Prov Engn Res Ctr Silicon Pixel Chip & Detec, Wuhan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
A beam monitor system is being developed for the cool storage ring (CSR) external-target experiment (CEE) at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). The beam monitor is required to measure the lateral position of each beam particle with spatial resolution less than 50 mu m andwith beam rates up to 1 MHz. As the beam intensity increases, the build-up of slow-moving positive ions created from the ionization of the detector gas by the beam leads to a significant distortion of the nominal electric field in the drift region. In this work, simulation studies of the beam monitor are performed, in particular the space charge effect and the correction strategy. It shows that the space charge at the nominal drift electric field of 700 V/cm modifies the electric field in the sensitive volume by roughly 5% in both the drift and transverse directions. The distortion on the measured position is up to 0.35 mm in the 5s region of the beam profile. The expected spatial resolution of 500 MeV/u U ion is 34.5 mu m considering the pixel noise of 400 e(-) and the 100 mu m x 1 mm pixel size of the charge sensor chip in the selected gas mixture.
通讯机构：
[Zhao, CX ; Gao, CS; Liu, J ; Wang, HL] C;[Wang, Z ] G;Cent China Normal Univ, Key Lab Quark & Lepton Phys, PLAC, MOE, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;Hubei Prov Engn Res Ctr Silicon Pixel Chip & Detec, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;Guizhou Normal Univ, Sch Phys & Elect Sci, Guiyang, Peoples R China.
摘要：
The cool storage ring (CSR) external-target experiment (CEE) will be the first large-scale nuclear physics experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). The beam monitor, designed to measure the lateral position of each beam particle, will improve the precision of primary vertex reconstruction otherwise determined by the time projection chamber (TPC) and multi-wire drift chambers (MWDCs). The beam monitor mainly contains two gaseous ionization sub-detectors, each measuring one lateral coordinate of the beam. The design requirements include the spatial resolution of <50 mu m, the two-particle separation capability of <1 mu s, the rate capability of >10(6) pps, and small material budget. It features novel front-end pixel chips for both charge sensing and readout functions. The first prototype, utilizing the common-purpose Topmetal-II-chips, has been developed and tested; the second one, deploying the custom-designed Topmetal-CEEv1 chips, is currently being assembled. In this paper we will present the detector specifications, design and test of the prototypes, in particular the charge sensing and readout chips.
通讯机构：
[Chaosong Gao; Hulin Wang] P;PLAC, Key Laboratory of Quark & Lepton Physics (MOE), Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China<&wdkj&>Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Silicon Pixel Chip & Detection Technology, Wuhan, 430079, China
摘要：
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>“A Craftsman Must Sharpen His Tools to Do His Job,” said Confucius. Nuclear detection and readout techniques are the foundation of particle physics, nuclear physics, and particle astrophysics to reveal the nature of the universe. Also, they are being increasingly used in other disciplines like nuclear power generation, life sciences, environmental sciences, medical sciences, etc. The article reviews the short history, recent development, and trend of nuclear detection and readout techniques, covering Semiconductor Detector, Gaseous Detector, Scintillation Detector, Cherenkov Detector, Transition Radiation Detector, and Readout Techniques. By explaining the principle and using examples, we hope to help the interested reader underst and this research field and bring exciting information to the community.</jats:p>
通讯机构：
[Ai, PC; Xiao, L ] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Key Lab Quark & Lepton Phys MOE, PLAC, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;Hubei Prov Engn Res Ctr Silicon Pixel Chip & Detec, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Analog to digital conversion;Deep learning;High energy physics;Photomultipliers;Signal processing;Silicon;Silicon detectors;Timing circuits;Toys;Deep learning;Label free;Label-free loss function;Loss functions;Neural-networks;Nuclear detectors;Physical constraints;Pulse timing;Silicon photo multipliers (SiPM);Timing Analysis;Neural network models
摘要：
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Pulse timing is an important topic in nuclear instrumentation, with far-reaching applications from high energy physics to radiation imaging. While high-speed analog-to-digital converters become more and more developed and accessible, their potential uses and merits in nuclear detector signal processing are still uncertain, partially due to associated timing algorithms which are not fully understood and utilized. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on deep learning for timing analysis of modularized detectors without explicit needs of labeling event data. By taking advantage of the intrinsic time correlations, a label-free loss function with a specially designed regularizer is formed to supervise the training of neural networks (NNs) towards a meaningful and accurate mapping function. We mathematically demonstrate the existence of the optimal function desired by the method, and give a systematic algorithm for training and calibration of the model. The proposed method is validated on two experimental datasets based on silicon photomultipliers as main transducers. In the toy experiment, the NN model achieves the single-channel time resolution of 8.8 ps and exhibits robustness against concept drift in the dataset. In the electromagnetic calorimeter experiment, several NN models (fully-connected, convolutional neural network and long short-term memory) are tested to show their conformance to the underlying physical constraint and to judge their performance against traditional methods. In total, the proposed method works well in either ideal or noisy experimental condition and recovers the time information from waveform samples successfully and precisely.</jats:p>
