This article re-considers the 'Citizens'Association.' The author argues that the association was jointly sponsored and organized by revolutionaries and royal- ists.Its appearance reflects the strengthening of the concept of a mass state and national consciousness among Chinese people in every stratum of society,and also reflects shifts in the social structure at that time,and a historical trend towards integration between intellectual,peasant, worker and commercial classes,in- creased unity among the people nationwide, and a unified opposition against the foreign powers. Through the establishm...