摘要：
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
摘要：
Metal oxide nanostructures are promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors because of their high specific capacity/capacitance, typically 2-3 times higher than that of the carbon/graphite-based materials. However, their cycling stability and rate performance still can not meet the requirements of practical applications. It is therefore urgent to improve their overall device performance, which depends on not only the development of advanced electrode materials but also in a large part "how to design superior electrode architectures". In the article, we will review recent advances in strategies for advanced metal oxide-based hybrid nanostructure design, with the focus on the binder-free film/array electrodes. These binder-free electrodes, with the integration of unique merits of each component, can provide larger electrochemically active surface area, faster electron transport and superior ion diffusion, thus leading to substantially improved cycling and rate performance. Several recently emerged concepts of using ordered nanostructure arrays, synergetic core-shell structures, nanostructured current collectors, and flexible paper/textile electrodes will be highlighted, pointing out advantages and challenges where appropriate. Some future electrode design trends and directions are also discussed.
摘要：
In the last few years, visible-light initiated organic transformations have attracted increasing attention. The development of visible-light-promoted photocatalytic reactions, which enable rapid and efficient synthesis of fine chemicals, is highly desirable from the viewpoint of cost, safety, availability, and environmental friendliness. In this Minireview, recent advances made in this fast developing area of research are discussed.
期刊：
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C,2008年112(3):747-753 ISSN：1932-7447
通讯作者：
Zhang, Lizhi
作者机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi; Zhang, Xi; Ai, Zhihui; Jia, Falong] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, LZ (reprint author)] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
摘要：
A general one-pot solvothermal process was explored to prepare BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) powders by employing ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared BiOX powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy' transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption. The resulting BiOX samples were phase-pure and of hierarchical microspheres consisting of nanoplates. The band gaps of the as-prepared powders were estimated to about 3.22, 2.64, and 1.77 eV for BiOCl, BiOBr, and BiOI, respectively. On the basis of characterization results, we proposed a possible process for the growth of hierarchical BiOX nanoplate microspheres. Moreover, we evaluated their photocatalytic activities on the degradation of methyl orange and compared them with TiO2 (Degussa, P25) under UV-vis light irradiation and C-doped TiO2 under visible light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation, respectively. It was found that all the BiOX samples were photocatalytically active and BiOI exhibited excellent activity under both UV-vis and visible light irradiation. The resulting hierarchical BiOX nanoplate microspheres are very promising photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants and other applications.
作者：
Klionsky, Daniel J.*;Abdelmohsen, Kotb;Abe, Akihisa;Abedin, Md Joynal;Abeliovich, Hagai;Arozena, Abraham Acevedo;Adachi, Hiroaki;Adams, Christopher M.;Adams, Peter D.;Adeli, Khosrow;Adhihetty, Peter J.;Adler, Sharon G.;Agam, Galila;Agarwal, Rajesh;Aghi, Manish K.;Agnello, Maria;Agostinis, Patrizia;Aguilar, Patricia V.;AguirreGhiso, Julio;Airoldi, Edoardo M.
期刊：
AUTOPHAGY,2016年12(1):1-222 ISSN：1554-8627
通讯作者：
Klionsky, Daniel J.
作者机构：
[Cho, William C.] akt Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Department of Clinical Oncology , Kowloon, Hong Kong;[Sukseree, Supawadee; Eckhart, Leopold] acn Medical University of Vienna , Department of Dermatology , Vienna , Austria;[Into, Takeshi; Inomata, Megumi] ar Asahi University, School of Dentistry , Department of Oral Microbiology , Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences , Mizuho , Gifu , Japan;[Bassi, Maria Teresa] anf Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Bosisio Parini, Lecco , Italy;[UmemiyaShirafuji, Rika] aig Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro, Hokkaido , Japan
通讯机构：
[Klionsky, DJ (reprint author)] Univ Michigan, Inst Life Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
通讯机构：
[Gustafsson, HA (reprint author)] Lund Univ, Div Expt High Energy Phys, Lund, Sweden.
关键词：
Instrumentation for heavy-ion accelerators;Instrumentation for particle accelerators and storage rings - high energy;Cherenkov and transition radiation;Gaseous detectors;Liquid detectors;Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons;Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes;Solid state detectors;Calorimeters;Cherenkov detectors;dE/dx detectors;Gamma detectors;Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics;Particle identification methods;Particle tracking detectors;Spectrometers;Time projection chambers;Timing detectors;Transition radiation detectors;Analysis and statistical methods;Computing;Data processing methods;Data reduction methods;Pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods;Simulation methods and programs;Software architectures;Detector alignment and calibration methods;Detector cooling and thermo-stabilization;Detector design and construction technologies and materials;Detector grounding;Manufacturing;Overall mechanics design;Special cables;Voltage distributions
作者机构：
Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;Nanjing Univ, Ecomat & Renewable Energy Res Ctr, Dept Phys, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, LZ (reprint author)] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
photocatalysis;titanium dioxide;degradation;preparation;low temperature
摘要：
A visible-light-active TiO2 photocatalyst was prepared through carbon doping by using glucose as carbon source. Different from the previous carbon-doped TiO2 prepared at high temperature, our preparation was performed by a hydrothermal method at temperature as low as 160 degrees C. The resulting photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM, nitrogen adsorption, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The characterizations found that the photocatalyst possessed a homogeneous pore diameter about 8 nm and a high surface area of 126 m(2)/g. Comparing to undoped TiO2, the carbon-doped TiO2 showed obvious absorption in the 400-450 nm range with a red shift in the band gap transition. It was found that the resulting carbon-doped TiO2 exhibits significantly higher photocatalytic activity than the undoped counterpart and Degussa P25 on the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in water under visible light irradiation (lambda > 420 nm). This method can be easily scaled up for industrial production of visible-light driven photocatalyst for pollutants removal because of its convenience and energy-saving. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
期刊：
Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012年134(10):4473-4476 ISSN：0002-7863
通讯作者：
Zhang, Lizhi
作者机构：
[Jiang, Jing; Zhang, Lizhi; Xiao, Xiaoyi; Zhao, Kun] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Minist Educ, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, LZ (reprint author)] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Minist Educ, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
摘要：
BiOCl single-crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} and {010} facets were selectively synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route. The resulting BiOCl single-crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} facets exhibited higher activity for direct semiconductor photoexcitation pollutant degradation under UV light, but the counterpart with exposed {010} facets possessed superior activity for indirect dye photosensitization degradation under visible light.
摘要：
We have developed a supercapacitor electrode composed of well-aligned CoO nanowire array grown on 3D nickel foam with polypyrrole (PPy) uniformly immobilized onto or firmly anchored to each nanowire surface to boost the pseudocapacitive performance. The electrode architecture takes advantage of the high electrochemical activity from both the CoO and PPy, the high electronic conductivity of PPy, and the short ion diffusion pathway in ordered mesoporous nanowires. These merits together with the elegant synergy between CoO and PPy lead to a high specific capacitance of 2223 F g(-1) approaching the theoretical value, good rate capability, and cycling stability (99.8% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles). An aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor device with a maximum voltage of 1.8 V fabricated by using our hybrid array as the positive electrode and activated carbon film as the negative electrode has demonstrated high energy density (,similar to 43.5 Wh kg(-1)), high power density (similar to 5500 W kg(-1) at 11.8 Wh kg(-1)) and outstanding cycleability (similar to 20 000 times). After charging for only similar to 40 s, two such 4 cm(2) asymmetric supercapacitors connected in series can efficiently power 5 mm diameter red, yellow, and green round LED indicators (lasting for 1 h for red LED) and drive a mini 130 rotation-motor robustly.
作者机构：
[Xiao, Jie; Sushko, Maria L.; Wang, Wei; Saraf, Laxmikant V.; Xiao, Lifen; Yang, Zhengguo; Cao, Yuliang; Schwenzer, Birgit; Liu, Jun; Nie, Zimin] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.;[Xiao, Lifen] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Cao, Yuliang] Wuhan Univ, Coll Chem & Mol Sci, Hubei Key Lab Elect Power Sources, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.;Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
通讯机构：
[Cao, YL (reprint author)] Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
关键词：
Hollow carbon nanowires;polyaniline nanowires;anode;sodium ion battery
摘要：
Hollow carbon nanowires (HCNWs) were prepared through pyrolyzation of a hollow polyaniline nanowire precursor. The HCNWs used as anode material for Na-ion batteries deliver a high reversible capacity of 251 mAh g(-1) and 82.2% capacity retention over 400 charge-discharge cycles between 1.2 and 0.01 V (vs Na'/Na) at a constant current of 50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C). Excellent cycling stability is also observed at an even higher charge-discharge rate. A high reversible capacity of 149 rnAh g(-1) also can be obtained at a current rate of 500 rnA g(-1) (2C). The good Na-ion insertion property is attributed to the short diffusion distance in the HCNWIs and the large interlayer distance (0.37 nm) between the graphitic sheets, which agrees with the interlayered distance predicted by theoretical calculations to enable Na-ion insertion in carbon materials.
作者：
Abelev, B. I.*;Aggarwal, M. M.;Ahammed, Z.;Anderson, B. D.;Arkhipkin, D.;Averichev, G. S.;Bai, Y.;Balewski, J.;Barannikova, O.;Barnby, L. S.;Baudot, J.;Baumgart, S.;Beavis, D. R.;Bellwied, R.;Benedosso, F.;Betts, R. R.;Bhardwaj, S.;Bhasin, A.;Bhati, A. K.;Bichsel, H.
期刊：
PHYSICAL REVIEW C,2009年79(3) ISSN：0556-2813
通讯作者：
Abelev, B. I.
作者机构：
[Ray, R. L.; Kajimoto, K.; Schambach, J.; Daugherity, M.; Hoffmann, G. W.; Thein, D.; Markert, C.; Wada, M.] Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA.;[Ullrich, T.; Lamont, M. A. C.; Ljubicic, T.; Bueltmann, S.; Hallman, T. J.; Buren, G. Van; Xu, Z.; Ogawa, A.; Ruan, L.; Tang, A. H.; Videbaek, F.; Fine, V.; Fisyak, Y.; Beavis, D. R.; Lauret, J.; Bland, L. C.; Chung, S. U.; Okada, H.; Longacre, R. S.; Lynn, D.; Sorensen, P.; Christie, W.; Zhang, H.; Lebedev, A.; Dunlop, J. C.; Perevoztchikov, V.; Gordon, A.; Landgraf, J. M.; Love, W. A.; Guryn, W.; Ludlam, T.; Fachini, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.;[Cai, X. Z.; Zhang, S.; Shi, X. H.; Ma, Y. G.; Zhong, C.; Chen, J. H.; Ma, G. L.; Jin, F.; Zuo, J. X.; Tian, J.] Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China.;[Sumbera, M.; Cervantes, M. C.; Krus, M.; Pachr, M.; Gorbunov, Y. N.; Tlusty, D.; Chaloupka, P.; Kouchpil, V.; Jakl, P.; Kapitan, J.; Bielcikova, J.] Nucl Res Inst AS CR, CZ-25068 Rez, Czech Republic.;[Westfall, G. D.; Molen, A. M. Vander] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
通讯机构：
[Abelev, BI (reprint author)] Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
摘要：
Identified charged-particle spectra of pi(+/-), K-+/-, p, and (p) over bar at midrapidity (vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.1) measured by the dE/dx method in the STAR (solenoidal tracker at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) time projection chamber are reported for pp and d + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV and for Au + Au collisions at 62.4, 130, and 200 GeV. Average transverse momenta, total particle production, particle yield ratios, strangeness, and baryon production rates are investigated as a function of the collision system and centrality. The transverse momentum spectra are found to be flatter for heavy particles than for light particles in all collision systems; the effect is more prominent for more central collisions. The extracted average transverse momentum of each particle species follows a trend determined by the total charged-particle multiplicity density. The Bjorken energy density estimate is at least several GeV/fm(3) for a formation time less than 1 fm/c. A significantly larger net-baryon density and a stronger increase of the net-baryon density with centrality are found in Au + Au collisions at 62.4 GeV than at the two higher energies. Antibaryon production relative to total particle multiplicity is found to be constant over centrality, but increases with the collision energy. Strangeness production relative to total particle multiplicity is similar at the three measured RHIC energies. Relative strangeness production increases quickly with centrality in peripheral Au + Au collisions, to a value about 50% above the pp value, and remains rather constant in more central collisions. Bulk freeze-out properties are extracted from thermal equilibrium model and hydrodynamics-motivated blast-wave model fits to the data. Resonance decays are found to have little effect on the extracted kinetic freeze-out parameters because of the transverse momentum range of our measurements. The extracted chemical freeze-out temperature is constant, independent of collision system or centrality; its value is close to the predicted phase-transition temperature, suggesting that chemical freeze-out happens in the vicinity of hadronization and the chemical freeze-out temperature is universal despite the vastly different initial conditions in the collision systems. The extracted kinetic freeze-out temperature, while similar to the chemical freeze-out temperature in pp, d + Au, and peripheral Au + Au collisions, drops significantly with centrality in Au + Au collisions, whereas the extracted transverse radial flow velocity increases rapidly with centrality. There appears to be a prolonged period of particle elastic scatterings from chemical to kinetic freeze-out in central Au + Au collisions. The bulk properties extracted at chemical and kinetic freeze-out are observed to evolve smoothly over the measured energy range, collision systems, and collision centralities.
作者：
Aamodt, K.*;Abelev, B.;Abrahantes Quintana, A.;Adamova, D.;Adare, A. M.;Aggarwal, M. M.;Rinella, G. Aglieri;Agocs, A. G.;Agostinelli, A.;Aguilar Salazar, S.;Ahammed, Z.;Ahmad, N.;Masoodi, A. Ahmad;Ahn, S. U.;Akindinov, A.;Aleksandrov, D.;Alessandro, B.;Alfaro Molina, R.;Alici, A.;Alkin, A.
作者：
Aamodt, K.*;Abelev, B.;Abrahantes Quintana, A.;Adamova, D.;Adare, A. M.;Aggarwal, M. M.;Rinella, G. Aglieri;Agocs, A. G.;Aguilar Salazar, S.;Ahammed, Z.;Masoodi, A. Ahmad;Ahmad, N.;Ahn, S. U.;Akindinov, A.;Aleksandrov, D.;Alessandro, B.;Alfaro Molina, R.;Alici, A.;Alkin, A.;Almaraz Avina, E.
摘要：
Most pathogens require a relatively long period of development in their mosquito vector before they can be transmitted to a new human host; hence, only older insects are of epidemiological importance. The successful transfer of a life- shortening strain of the inherited bacterial symbiont, Wolbachia, into the major mosquito vector of dengue, Aedes aegypti, halved adult life span under laboratory conditions. The association is stable, and the Wolbachia strain is maternally inherited at high frequency. It is capable of inducing complete cytoplasmic incompatibility, which should facilitate its invasion into natural field populations and its persistence over time. Our data suggest that targeting mosquito age with inherited Wolbachia infections may be a viable strategy to reduce the transmission of pathogens such as dengue viruses.
作者：
Aamodt, K.;Abrahantes Quintana, A.;Adamova, D.;Adare, A. M.;Aggarwal, M. M.;Rinella, G. Aglieri;Agocs, A. G.;Aguilar Salazar, S.;Ahammed, Z.;Ahmad, N.;Masoodi, A. Ahmad;Ahn, S. U.;Akindinov, A.;Aleksandrov, D.;Alessandro, B.;Alfaro Molina, R.;Alici, A.;Alkin, A.;Almaraz Avina, E.;Alt, T.
摘要：
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0-5% and 70-80% of the hadronic Pb-Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |eta| < 0.8 and 0.3 < p(T) < 20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same root s(NN), scaled by the number of underlying nucleon-nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor R-AA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (R-AA approximate to 0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, R-AA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at p(T) = 6-7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger p(T). The measured suppression of high-p(T) particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. (C) 2010 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
期刊：
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS,2012年48(27):3321-3323 ISSN：1359-7345
通讯作者：
Liu, Jun
作者机构：
[Xiao, Jie; Wang, Wei; Xiao, Lifen; Cao, Yuliang; Kovarik, Libor; Liu, Jun; Nie, Zimin] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.;[Xiao, Lifen] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Cao, Yuliang] Wuhan Univ, Coll Chem & Mol Sci, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, J (reprint author)] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
摘要：
A new SnSb/C nanocomposite based on Na alloying reactions is demonstrated as anode for Na-ion battery applications. The electrode can achieve an exceptionally high capacity (544 mA h g(-1), almost double that of intercalation carbon materials), good rate capacity and cyclability (80% capacity retention over 50 cycles) for Na-ion storage.
