摘要：
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
期刊：
Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012年134(10):4473-4476 ISSN：0002-7863
通讯作者：
Zhang, Lizhi
作者机构：
[Jiang, Jing; Zhang, Lizhi; Xiao, Xiaoyi; Zhao, Kun] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Minist Educ, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Minist Educ, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
摘要：
BiOCl single-crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} and {010} facets were selectively synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route. The resulting BiOCl single-crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} facets exhibited higher activity for direct semiconductor photoexcitation pollutant degradation under UV light, but the counterpart with exposed {010} facets possessed superior activity for indirect dye photosensitization degradation under visible light.
期刊：
Chemical Society Reviews,2016年45(8):2044-2056 ISSN：0306-0012
通讯作者：
Chen, Jia-Rong;Xiao, Wen-Jing
作者机构：
[Lu, Liang-Qiu; Chen, Jia-Rong; Xiao, WJ; Xiao, Wen-Jing; Hu, Xiao-Qiang] Cent China Normal Univ, CCNU uOttawa Joint Res Ctr, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Minist Educ,Coll Chem, 152 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Chen, JR; Xiao, WJ] C;Cent China Normal Univ, CCNU uOttawa Joint Res Ctr, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Minist Educ,Coll Chem, 152 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Radicals are an important class of versatile and highly reactive species. Compared with the wide applications of various C-centred radicals, however, the N-radical species including N-centred radicals and radical ions remain largely unexplored due to the lack of convenient methods for their generation. In recent years, visible light photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful platform for the generation of various N-radical species and methodology development towards the synthesis of diverse N-containing compounds. In this tutorial review, we highlight recent advances in this rapidly developing area with particular emphases put on the working models and new reaction design.
作者机构：
[Jans, E.; Ketel, T.; van den Brand, J.; Tuning, N.; Tolk, S.; Pellegrino, A.; Syropoulos, V.; van Tilburg, J.; Santos, D. Martinez; Merk, M.; Ali, S.; Koppenburg, P.; Tsopelas, P.; Snoek, H.; de Vries, J. A.; Koopman, R. F.; Heijne, V.; van Leerdam, J.; Raven, G.; Aaij, R.; Lambert, R. W.; De Bruyn, K.; Oggero, S.; Kozlinskiy, A.; David, P. N. Y.; van Beuzekom, M.; Schiller, M.; Farinelli, C.; Hulsbergen, W.] Nikhef Natl Inst Subat Phys, Amsterdam, Netherlands.;[Hicheur, A.; Gomes, A.; Bediaga, I.; Massafferri, A.; Rodrigues, A. B.; dos Reis, A. C.; De Miranda, J. M.; Ferreira Rodrigues, F.] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.;[Otalora Goicochea, J. M.; Lopes, J. H.; Martins Tostes, D.; Carvalho Akiba, K.; Polycarpo, E.; Potterat, C.; Souza De Paula, B.; Francisco, O.; De Paula, L.; Nasteva, I.; Gandelman, M.; Amato, S.; Rangel, M. S.; Salustino Guimaraes, V.; Vieira, D.] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.;[Gao, Y.; Yang, Z.; Wu, S.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, X.; Zhong, L.; Jing, F.; An, L.; Lu, H.] Tsinghua Univ, Ctr High Energy Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.;[Marchand, J. F.; Tisserand, V.; Decamp, D.; Ghez, P.; Qian, W.; Beaucourt, L.; Tournefier, E.; Pietrzyk, B.; Lees, J. -P.; T'Jampens, S.; Minard, M. -N.; Artamonov, A.; Machefert, F.; Deleage, N.] Univ Savoie, CNRS, IN2P3, LAPP, Annecy Le Vieux, France.
摘要：
Observations of exotic structures in the J/psi p channel, which we refer to as charmonium-pentaquark states, in Lambda(0)(b) --> J/psi K(-)p decays are presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb(-1) acquired with the LHCb detector from 7 and 8 TeV pp collisions. An amplitude analysis of the three-body final state reproduces the two-body mass and angular distributions. To obtain a satisfactory fit of the structures seen in the J/psi p mass spectrum, it is necessary to include two Breit-Wigner amplitudes that each describe a resonant state. The significance of each of these resonances is more than 9 standard deviations. One has a mass of 4380 +/- 8 +/- 29 MeV and a width of 205 +/- 18 +/- 86 MeV, while the second is narrower, with a mass of 4449.8 +/- 1.7 +/- 2.5 MeV and a width of 39 +/- 5 +/- 19 MeV. The preferred J(P) assignments are of opposite parity, with one state having spin 3/2 and the other 5/2.
作者机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi; Li, Jie; Yu, Ying] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Inst Environm Chem, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol,Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Li, Jie; Yu, Ying] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Phys Sci & Technol, Inst Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Inst Environm Chem, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol,Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
摘要：
In recent years, layered bismuth oxyhalide nanomaterials have received more and more interest as promising photocatalysts because their unique layered structures endow them with fascinating physicochemical properties; thus, they have great potential photocatalytic applications for environment remediation and energy harvesting. In this article, we explore the synthesis strategies and growth mechanisms of layered bismuth oxyhalide nanomaterials, and propose design principles of tailoring a layered configuration to control the nanoarchitectures for high efficient photocatalysis. Subsequently, we focus on their layered structure dependent properties, including pH-related crystal facet exposure and phase transformation, facet-dependent photoactivity and molecular oxygen activation pathways, so as to clarify the origin of the layered structure dependent photoreactivity. Furthermore, we summarize various strategies for modulating the composition and arrangement of layered structures to enhance the photoactivity of nanostructured bismuth oxyhalides via internal electric field tuning, dehalogenation effect, surface functionalization, doping, plasmon modification, and heterojunction construction, which may offer efficient guidance for the design and construction of high-performance bismuth oxyhalide-based photocatalysis systems. Finally, we highlight some crucial issues in engineering the layered-structure mediated properties of bismuth oxyhalide photocatalysts and provide tentative suggestions for future research on increasing their photocatalytic performance.
作者机构：
[Bazavov, A.] Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA.;[Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Gupta, Rajan] Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.;[Levkova, L.; DeTar, C.] Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.;[Ding, H. -T.; Hegde, P.] Cent China Normal Univ, Inst Particle Phys, Key Lab Quark Lepton Phys MOE, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Gottlieb, Steven; Wagner, M.] Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
通讯机构：
[Bazavov, A.] U;Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA.
摘要：
We present results for the equation of state in ( 2+1)-flavor QCD using the highly improved staggered quark action and lattices with temporal extent Nτ=6, 8, 10, and 12. We show that these data can be reliably extrapolated to the continuum limit and obtain a number of thermodynamic quantities and the speed of sound in the temperature range 130–400 MeV. We compare our results with previous calculations and provide an analytic parameterization of the pressure, from which other thermodynamic quantities can be calculated, for use in phenomenology. We show that the energy density in the crossover region, 145 MeV≤T≤163 MeV, defined by the chiral transition, is εc=(0.18–0.5) GeV/fm3, i.e., (1.2–3.1) εnuclear. At high temperatures, we compare our results with resummed and dimensionally reduced perturbation theory calculations. As a byproduct of our analyses, we obtain the values of the scale parameters r0 from the static quark potential and w0 from the gradient flow.
