摘要：
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
作者：
Klionsky, Daniel J.;Abdelmohsen, Kotb;Abe, Akihisa;Abedin, Md Joynal;Abeliovich, Hagai;Arozena, Abraham Acevedo;Adachi, Hiroaki;Adams, Christopher M.;Adams, Peter D.;Adeli, Khosrow;Adhihetty, Peter J.;Adler, Sharon G.;Agam, Galila;Agarwal, Rajesh;Aghi, Manish K.;Agnello, Maria;Agostinis, Patrizia;Aguilar, Patricia V.;Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio;Airoldi, Edoardo M.
期刊：
AUTOPHAGY,2016年12(1):1-222 ISSN：1554-8627
通讯作者：
Klionsky, DJ
作者机构：
[Cho, William C.] akt Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Department of Clinical Oncology , Kowloon, Hong Kong;[Sukseree, Supawadee; Eckhart, Leopold] acn Medical University of Vienna , Department of Dermatology , Vienna , Austria;[Into, Takeshi; Inomata, Megumi] ar Asahi University, School of Dentistry , Department of Oral Microbiology , Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences , Mizuho , Gifu , Japan;[Liu, Jing-Lan] ef Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Department of Pathology , Chiayi , Taiwan;[Bassi, Maria Teresa] anf Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Bosisio Parini, Lecco , Italy
通讯机构：
[Klionsky, Daniel J.] Univ Michigan, Inst Life Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
期刊：
Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.),2012年24(38):5166-5180 ISSN：0935-9648
通讯作者：
Liu, J.(liujp@phy.ccnu.edu.cn)
作者机构：
[Jiang, Jian; Liu, Jinping; Huang, Xintang] Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China;[Li, Yuanyuan] School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China;[Yuan, Changzhou; Lou, Xiong Wen] School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore, Singapore
通讯机构：
[Liu, Jinping] Cent China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Inst Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Advanced electrodes - Core shell structure - Current collector - Cycling stability - Device performance - Electrochemical energy storage - Electrochemically active surface areas - Electrode architecture - Electrode design - Electrode material - Electron transport - High specific capacity - Hybrid nanostructures - Ion diffusion - Large parts - Lithium-ion battery - Metal oxides - Nano-structured - Ordered nanostructures - Oxide-based electrodes - Rate performance - Super capacitor
作者机构：
[Liu, Jinping; Cheng, Chuanwei; Li, Hongxing; Fan, Hong Jin] Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore;[Jiang, Jian] Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China;[Zhang, Jixuan; Gong, Hao] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
通讯机构：
[Fan, Hong Jin] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Phys & Math Sci, Div Phys & Appl Phys, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
关键词：
Core/shell - Cycle performance - hybrid metal oxides - Hybrid nanowires - Hydrothermal methods - matrix - Metal oxide system - MnO2 - Pseudo-capacitive materials - Rate capabilities - Super capacitor - Ultrathin nanosheets
作者：
Zhu, Xianjun;Zhu, Yanwu;Murali, Shanthi;Stollers, Meryl D.;Ruoff, Rodney S.
期刊：
ACS NANO,2011年5(4):3333-3338 ISSN：1936-0851
通讯作者：
Ruoff, RS
作者机构：
[Murali, Shanthi; Ruoff, Rodney S.; Zhu, Yanwu; Zhu, Xianjun; Stollers, Meryl D.] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States;[Zhu, Xianjun] College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Hubei, Wuhan 430079, China
期刊：
Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2008年112(3):747-753 ISSN：1932-7447
通讯作者：
Zhang, L.(zhanglz@mail.ccnu.edu.cn)
作者机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi; Zhang, Xi; Jia, Falong; Ai, Zhihui] Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Central China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Gustafsson, H. -A.] Lund Univ, Div Expt High Energy Phys, Lund, Sweden.
关键词：
Instrumentation for heavy-ion accelerators;Instrumentation for particle accelerators and storage rings - high energy;Cherenkov and transition radiation;Gaseous detectors;Liquid detectors;Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons;Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes;Solid state detectors;Calorimeters;Cherenkov detectors;dE/dx detectors;Gamma detectors;Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics;Particle identification methods;Particle tracking detectors;Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons;Spectrometers;Time projection chambers;Timing detectors;Transition radiation detectors;Analysis and statistical methods;Computing;Data processing methods;Data reduction methods;Pattern recognition, cluster finding, calibration and fitting methods;Simulation methods and programs;Software architectures;Detector alignment and calibration methods;Detector cooling and thermo-stabilization;Detector design and construction technologies and materials;Detector grounding;Manufacturing;Overall mechanics design;Special cables;Voltage distributions
期刊：
Journal of the American Chemical Society,2012年134(10):4473-4476 ISSN：0002-7863
通讯作者：
Zhang, L.(zhanglz@mail.ccnu.edu.cn)
作者机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi; Jiang, Jing; Zhao, Kun; Xiao, Xiaoyi] Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Minist Educ, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
摘要：
BiOCl single-crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} and {010} facets were selectively synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route. The resulting BiOCl single-crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} facets exhibited higher activity for direct semiconductor photoexcitation pollutant degradation under UV light, but the counterpart with exposed {010} facets possessed superior activity for indirect dye photosensitization degradation under visible light.
作者机构：
[Lifen Xiao; Birgit Schwenzer; Wei Wang; Yuliang Cao; Zimin Nie; Maria L. Sushko; Jie Xiao; Zhengguo Yang; Laxmikant V. Saraf; Jun Liu] Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, United States;[Lifen Xiao] College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;[Yuliang Cao] Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
通讯机构：
[Cao, Yuliang] Pacific NW Natl Lab, 902 Battelle Blvd,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
作者机构：
[Liu, Jinping; Zhang, Yangwei; Zhou, Cheng] Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, China;[Li, Yuanyuan] School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
作者机构：
[Xiao, Lifen; Schwenzer, Birgit; Engelhard, Mark H.; Nie, Zimin; Cao, Yuliang; Xiao, Jie; Exarhos, Gregory J.; Saraf, Laxmikant V.; Liu, Jun] Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States;[Xiao, Lifen] College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;[Cao, Yuliang] College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
通讯机构：
[Cao, Yuliang] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
作者：
Abelev, B. I.;Aggarwal, M. M.;Ahammed, Z.;Anderson, B. D.;Arkhipkin, D.;Averichev, G. S.;Bai, Y.;Balewski, J.;Barannikova, O.;Barnby, L. S.;Baudot, J.;Baumgart, S.;Beavis, D. R.;Bellwied, R.;Benedosso, F.;Betts, R. R.;Bhardwaj, S.;Bhasin, A.;Bhati, A. K.;Bichsel, H.
期刊：
PHYSICAL REVIEW C,2009年79(3) ISSN：2469-9985
通讯作者：
Abelev, BI
作者机构：
[Ray, R. L.; Kajimoto, K.; Schambach, J.; Daugherity, M.; Hoffmann, G. W.; Thein, D.; Markert, C.; Wada, M.] Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA.;[Ullrich, T.; Lamont, M. A. C.; Ljubicic, T.; Bueltmann, S.; Hallman, T. J.; Buren, G. Van; Xu, Z.; Ogawa, A.; Ruan, L.; Tang, A. H.; Videbaek, F.; Fine, V.; Fisyak, Y.; Beavis, D. R.; Lauret, J.; Bland, L. C.; Chung, S. U.; Okada, H.; Longacre, R. S.; Lynn, D.; Sorensen, P.; Christie, W.; Zhang, H.; Lebedev, A.; Dunlop, J. C.; Perevoztchikov, V.; Gordon, A.; Landgraf, J. M.; Love, W. A.; Guryn, W.; Ludlam, T.; Fachini, P.] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.;[Cai, X. Z.; Zhang, S.; Ma, Y. G.; Zhong, C.; Shi, X. -H.; Chen, J. H.; Ma, G. L.; Jin, F.; Zuo, J. X.; Tian, J.] Shanghai Inst Appl Phys, Shanghai 201800, Peoples R China.;[Sumbera, M.; Cervantes, M. C.; Krus, M.; Pachr, M.; Gorbunov, Y. N.; Tlusty, D.; Chaloupka, P.; Kouchpil, V.; Jakl, P.; Kapitan, J.; Bielcikova, J.] Nucl Res Inst AS CR, CZ-25068 Rez, Czech Republic.;[Westfall, G. D.; Molen, A. M. Vander] Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
通讯机构：
[Abelev, B. I.] Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
摘要：
Identified charged-particle spectra of pi(+/-), K-+/-, p, and (p) over bar at midrapidity (vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.1) measured by the dE/dx method in the STAR (solenoidal tracker at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) time projection chamber are reported for pp and d + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV and for Au + Au collisions at 62.4, 130, and 200 GeV. Average transverse momenta, total particle production, particle yield ratios, strangeness, and baryon production rates are investigated as a function of the collision system and centrality. The transverse momentum spectra are found to be flatter for heavy particles than for light particles in all collision systems; the effect is more prominent for more central collisions. The extracted average transverse momentum of each particle species follows a trend determined by the total charged-particle multiplicity density. The Bjorken energy density estimate is at least several GeV/fm(3) for a formation time less than 1 fm/c. A significantly larger net-baryon density and a stronger increase of the net-baryon density with centrality are found in Au + Au collisions at 62.4 GeV than at the two higher energies. Antibaryon production relative to total particle multiplicity is found to be constant over centrality, but increases with the collision energy. Strangeness production relative to total particle multiplicity is similar at the three measured RHIC energies. Relative strangeness production increases quickly with centrality in peripheral Au + Au collisions, to a value about 50% above the pp value, and remains rather constant in more central collisions. Bulk freeze-out properties are extracted from thermal equilibrium model and hydrodynamics-motivated blast-wave model fits to the data. Resonance decays are found to have little effect on the extracted kinetic freeze-out parameters because of the transverse momentum range of our measurements. The extracted chemical freeze-out temperature is constant, independent of collision system or centrality; its value is close to the predicted phase-transition temperature, suggesting that chemical freeze-out happens in the vicinity of hadronization and the chemical freeze-out temperature is universal despite the vastly different initial conditions in the collision systems. The extracted kinetic freeze-out temperature, while similar to the chemical freeze-out temperature in pp, d + Au, and peripheral Au + Au collisions, drops significantly with centrality in Au + Au collisions, whereas the extracted transverse radial flow velocity increases rapidly with centrality. There appears to be a prolonged period of particle elastic scatterings from chemical to kinetic freeze-out in central Au + Au collisions. The bulk properties extracted at chemical and kinetic freeze-out are observed to evolve smoothly over the measured energy range, collision systems, and collision centralities.
作者：
Aamodt, K.;Abelev, B.;Abrahantes Quintana, A.;Adamova, D.;Adare, A. M.;Aggarwal, M. M.;Rinella, G. Aglieri;Agocs, A. G.;Agostinelli, A.;Aguilar Salazar, S.;Ahammed, Z.;Ahmad, N.;Masoodi, A. Ahmad;Ahn, S. U.;Akindinov, A.;Aleksandrov, D.;Alessandro, B.;Alfaro Molina, R.;Alici, A.;Alkin, A.
作者：
Aamodt, K.;Abelev, B.;Abrahantes Quintana, A.;Adamova, D.;Adare, A. M.;Aggarwal, M. M.;Rinella, G. Aglieri;Agocs, A. G.;Aguilar Salazar, S.;Ahammed, Z.;Masoodi, A. Ahmad;Ahmad, N.;Ahn, S. U.;Akindinov, A.;Aleksandrov, D.;Alessandro, B.;Alfaro Molina, R.;Alici, A.;Alkin, A.;Almaraz Avina, E.
摘要：
Most pathogens require a relatively long period of development in their mosquito vector before they can be transmitted to a new human host; hence, only older insects are of epidemiological importance. The successful transfer of a life- shortening strain of the inherited bacterial symbiont, Wolbachia, into the major mosquito vector of dengue, Aedes aegypti, halved adult life span under laboratory conditions. The association is stable, and the Wolbachia strain is maternally inherited at high frequency. It is capable of inducing complete cytoplasmic incompatibility, which should facilitate its invasion into natural field populations and its persistence over time. Our data suggest that targeting mosquito age with inherited Wolbachia infections may be a viable strategy to reduce the transmission of pathogens such as dengue viruses.
期刊：
Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2009年113(17):7371-7378 ISSN：1932-7447
通讯作者：
Zhang, LZ
作者机构：
[Xie, Tengfeng; Wang, Dejun] College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;[Zhang, Lizhi; Zhang, Xi] Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Lizhi] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Minist Educ, Key Lab Pesticide & Chem Biol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Chemical method - Electron hole pairs - Heterostructured photocatalyst - Heterostructures - Low temperature synthesis - Methyl Orange - Molar ratio - Nitrogen sorption - Photocatalytic activities - Recombination rate - Surface photovoltage spectroscopy - TiO - Transient photovoltage measurements - UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy - Visible light - Visible region - Visible-light irradiation
作者机构：
[Bao, Chun; Zhu, Pengfei; Huang, Chuan; Chen, Liang; Shan, Ge; Dai, Limin; Chang, Zhaoxia; Liu, Huijie; Lin, Mei; Wu, Qingfa; Wang, Xiaolin; Li, Zhaoyong; Zhong, Guolin; Yu, Bin; Hu, Wanchen] Univ Sci & Technol China, Sch Life Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.;[Bao, Chun; Jia, Ya] Cent China Normal Univ, Dept Phys, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Bao, Chun; Jia, Ya] Cent China Normal Univ, Inst Biophys, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Shan, Ge; Li, Zhaoyong] Chinese Acad Sci, Univ Sci & Technol China, Key Lab Brain Funct & Dis, Hefei, Peoples R China.;[Zhao, Yi] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Comp Technol, Beijing, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Shan, Ge] Univ Sci & Technol China, Sch Life Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have numerous roles in development and disease, and one of the prominent roles is to regulate gene expression. A vast number of circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified, and some have been shown to function as microRNA sponges in animal cells. Here, we report a class of circRNAs associated with RNA polymerase II in human cells. In these circRNAs, exons are circularized with introns 'retained' between exons; we term them exon-intron circRNAs or EIciRNAs. EIciRNAs predominantly localize in the nucleus, interact with U1 snRNP and promote transcription of their parental genes. Our findings reveal a new role for circRNAs in regulating gene expression in the nucleus, in which EIciRNAs enhance the expression of their parental genes in cis, and highlight a regulatory strategy for transcriptional control via specific RNA-RNA interaction between U1 snRNA and EIciRNAs.
作者：
Xiao, Lifen;Cao, Yuliang;Xiao, Jie;Wang, Wei;Kovarik, Libor;Nie, Zimin;Liu, Jun
期刊：
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS,2012年48(27):3321-3323 ISSN：1359-7345
通讯作者：
Liu, J
作者机构：
[Xiao, Jie; Wang, Wei; Xiao, Lifen; Cao, Yuliang; Kovarik, Libor; Liu, Jun; Nie, Zimin] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.;[Xiao, Lifen] Cent China Normal Univ, Coll Chem, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Cao, Yuliang] Wuhan Univ, Coll Chem & Mol Sci, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, Jun] Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
摘要：
A new SnSb/C nanocomposite based on Na alloying reactions is demonstrated as anode for Na-ion battery applications. The electrode can achieve an exceptionally high capacity (544 mA h g(-1), almost double that of intercalation carbon materials), good rate capacity and cyclability (80% capacity retention over 50 cycles) for Na-ion storage.
