This study investigates the influence of different braking mechanisms on the formation of three long-period radio pulsars (PSRs J0250+5854, J2251−3711, and J0901−4046): plasma-filled magnetosphere in combination with magnetic field decay, fall-back disc, and r-mode instability. These braking mechanisms can also affect the thermal evolution of pulsars. By comparing the model-predicted values with observational data such as spin periods, period derivatives, and upper limits of the bolometric luminosity of these pulsars, we find that these three...
