OBJECTIVE: The human-machine feedback in a smart learning environment can influences learners' learning styles, ability enhancement, and affective interactions. However, whether it has stability in improving learning performance and learning processes, the findings of many empirical studies are controversial. This study aimed to analyze the effect of human-machine feedback on learning performance and the potential boundary conditions that produce the effect in a smart learning environment. METHODS: Web of Science, EBSCO, PsycINFO, and Science Direct were searched for publications from 2010 to ...