Electromagnetic induction stands as a fundamental concept in electromagnetism and has been extensively studied in physics education. In this research, a conceptual framework model is developed to explore university students' understanding of electromagnetic induction through the lens of knowledge integration. Building upon the experts' viewpoints and a comprehensive literature review on students' challenges and misconceptions, a conceptual framework for electromagnetic induction is established, serving as the guidance for developing a concept test to assess levels of knowledge integration in s...
