This thesis suggests that the single reference is relative, whereas the reference system is absolute. The ＂dixia＂ which means ＂on the ground＂ can not be explained by single reference. The reference system of ＂dixia＂ consists of direction reference and location reference. Although the reference system of ＂dixia＂ concerns with people （not limits to speakers）, ＂di （地）＂ can still function as a reference, since it is the object in background, the substance which used to determine the location, which is the same as the ＂di＂ in ＂ ~sh...
