Online language learning with virtual classrooms (OLLVC) is becoming a reality to a large number of students across contexts. Yet students’ motivation and engagement in OLLVC remains underexplored. The current study evaluated 6364 university students’ motivation and engagement in OLLVC and its interrelationships with environmental support, learner attitude and readiness in the Chinese higher education context. This study employed the adapted motivation and engagement scale and adopted purposive sampling to recruit a sample of undergraduate st...