Traditional image processing techniques have been proven to be inadequate for urban land-cover mapping using very high resolution (VHR) remotely sensed imagery. Abundant features such as texture, shape, and structural information can be extracted from high-resolution images, which make it possible to distinguish land covers more effectively. However, the multisource characteristics of VHR images place significant demands on the classification method in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness. The most often used method is vector stacking fusion, in which a single classifier is trained over ...