The judicial process of ＂execution on the spot＂ was always changing during later Qing dynasty. County magistrates, leaders of military camps or even the heads of civil corps could perform summary execution with an after-fact-reporting when suppressing the rebelling of bandits in Xianfeng period （1851-1861）. From 1863, a reexamining step from the prefecture level , Fu （府）, Zhou （州） or Dao （道）, suggested by Mao Hongbin （毛鸿宾） and Guo Songtao （郭嵩焘）, had became necessary in the process. Particularly, after the big debate on ab...
