TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using the hydrothermal method and modified with C3N4 to synthesize a Type-II heterojunction semiconductor photocatalyst, TiO2-C3N4. In addition, a carbon layer was coated onto the TiO2 nanoparticles and the obtained material was uniformly covered on the surface of C3N4 to form an all-solid-state Z-scheme semiconductor photocatalyst, TiO2-C-C3N4. Through characterization by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, BET, photoelectrochemical experiments, UV-visible diffuse reflection, and PL spectroscopy, the charge transfer mechanism ...