Iron (hydr)oxides play an indispensable role in the immobilization of heavy metal ions in environmental geochemical processes. As is well-known, the mineralization process of iron (hydr)oxides strongly depends on their surrounding environment. Goethite, a common iron oxide hydrate, is often naturally mineralized or artificially prepared in an alkaline environment; therefore, most of the studies are limited to alkaline environment-derived goethite; moreover, although the mineralization of goethite often takes place in an extremely acidic environ...
