Urban-rural integration is an inevitable course for the transformation and development of resource-exhausted cities, and it is also an internal requirement to achieve sustainable development goals. Taking Zaozhuang city as a case study, this paper constructed an "Economic-Spatial-Social" (ESS) evaluation index system of urban-rural integration according to the connotations. We used the TOPSIS and obstacle degree (OD) models to measure the urban-rural integration level, from 2009 to 2019, and diagnosed the obstacles. The results show that: (1) The overall level of urban-rural integration in Zao...
