The research on early modern industrial and commercial figures was rather weak,and was simply and generally categorized as research on bourgeoisie,which made it impossible to pay attention to the diversity and complexity of various industrial and commercial figures,resulting in many research defects such as narrow and simplistic research horizons.Nowadays the usage of the concept of bourgeoisie has been significantly reduced among historians of modern Chinese history,this concept has been replaced by terms like industrial and commercial circles,industrialist and merchant,businessman and so on....
