Key message 56 MAPK genes were identified in upland cotton genome, and unequally distribute on 22 chromosomes of cotton genome. They can be divided into 4 groups, and the TEY type of T-loop exists in A, B and C groups, but the TDY type of T-loop is only in group D. Furthermore, GhMPK6 may be involved in phosphorylation of its downstream proteins for regulating fiber elongation of cotton. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important in regulating plant development as well as stress response. In this study, we genome-widely identified 56 MAPK genes in upland cotton. These MAPK genes u...