This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41701511 and 41871176 ), the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China ( 2017CFB278 ), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities ( CCNU19QN048, CCNU19QN047, and CCNU19TD002 ), and the Key Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring of National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation ( 2018NGCMZD03 ). Special thanks are extended to Google for provision of the GEE platform, USGS for provision of NLCD products, JAXA Earth Observation Research Center for provision of the AW3D30, and Pawel Netzel et al. for provision of the GeoWeb application of LandEx. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their very constructive comments.