LI BO 1 GAUSSIER ERIC 2 YANG DAN 3 1 Department of Computer Science , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , China e-mail: libo@mail.ccnu.edu.cn 2 CNRS-LIG/AMA , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France e-mail: eric.gaussier@imag.fr 3 China Electric Power Research Institute , Wuhan , China e-mail: yangdan3@epri.sgcc.com.cn † This work was co-supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61300144 and 61572223), State Language Commission of China (No. YB125-132), Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. 15YJC870029) and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (No. CCNU16A06015, CCNU15A05062, CCNU17GF0005, CCNUSZ2017024). 07 2018 15 01 2018 24 4 523 549 02 03 2017 14 12 2017 15 12 2017 Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 2018 Cambridge University Press