摘要：
In the paper the causal clauses introduced by ＂nanguai （难怪）＂ in Mandarin are discussed in the following four aspects： 1） The structural semantic type. There are three different types of causal clauses introduced by ＂nanguai （难怪）＂ according to the types of the mark, namely independent, imbedded, and multiple. 2） The degree of stereotype of the causal clauses introduced by ＂nanguai （难怪）＂. 3） The constructional semantic features of the causal clauses introduced by ＂nanguai （难怪）＂. This type of clauses expresses the meaning of conception and shows a strong tendency of subjectivity, which has some special requirements in meaning and expression. 4） The stylistic adaptation of the causal clauses introduced by ＂nanguai （难怪）＂. The investigation reveals that causal clauses introduced by ＂nanguai （难怪）＂ are mainly used in oral language.
摘要：
Object of instrument is always identified by the test frame ＂用OV＂. But only using this standard can not distinguish object of instrument from other types of objects. In the paper a test model with some principal and complementary standards are proposed and used to investigate the typicalness of object of instrument.
摘要：
The verb nanguai （ 难怪） is the result of the lexicalization of the phrase nan （ 难 ） ＋ guai （怪 ）.The adverb nanguai （难怪 ）,however, is not the result of further grammaticalization of the verb, since it has undergone a process of ＂indirect-grammaticalization＂ , i.e. firstly being in a syntactic position of an adverbial, and secondly transferring its grammatical function. The adverb of relation Nangual （ 难怪 ） has been evolved from nanguai （ 难怪 ） the adverb of mood, influenced by the change of syntactic position （at the initial or end of a sentence）. The paper points out that the grammaticalization of nanguai （难怪） is the result of the changes in syntactic position and following-up elements, together with the influence of pragmatic inference, the increase of the frequency of use and analogy.
摘要：
Object of manner is always identified by the test frame ＂按照O的方式 V＂. But this alone can not distinguish the object of manner from other types of objects. In the paper a test model with some principal and complementary standards is proposed and used to investigate the typicalness of object of manner, and the features differentiating object of manner and other types of objects are distinguished.
摘要：
Shuo shenme（说什么） is an unconditional concessive contracted sentence. After the analysis of the syntactic and semantic features of the sentence, the strong subjectivity and concession of the structure are demonstrated, which are formed through reanalysis and analogy on the basis of the semantic generalization of Shuo（说）, the enhancement of the random-referentiality of Shenme（什么） and the ability of analogy and organization of Ye（也）. Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of the contracted sentence is analyzed, and a diachronic investigation of this type of sentences is made.
摘要：
There are both differences and similarities between action classifiers ＂bian （遍）＂ and ＂ci（次） ＂ and the major difference lies in the choice of verbs. However the difference is not an absolute one but a pragmatic tendency. ＂Bian（遍）＂ lays emphasis on the process and thorough execution of an action while ＂ci（次）＂ on the occurrance of an action as a whole event. Finally, a preliminary explanation to this pragmatic tendency is provided with the application of the distinction between ＂summary scanning＂and＂sequential scanning＂ in cognitive linguistics, and with reference to the usage of ＂bian （ 遍 ） ＂and＂ ci （次） ＂in ancient Chinese.
摘要：
Diachronically, there are some changes in the object of the verb chi（吃）. Firstly, we can find the changes in the semantic type of the object. In the past there were mainly patient-objects, but later, there were more and more nonpatient-objects. Secondly, we can find some changes in the denotation of the object from nouns denoting food to non-food. Besides, the nouns denoting food also have undergone some changes from ＂solid food → solid and non- solid food →solid food mainly＂ .
