关键词：
“来”;概数结构;构造形式;段位数词;表义状况;左右;approximate structure with Lai（来）
摘要：
Approximate structure with Lai（来）, such as ＂ten ＋ Lai（来） （ge, which is a measure word）, thirty＋ Lai（来） （bowls）＂, is discussed in this paper. It consists of two parts. Part one is discussion on its formal structure. Previously, it was considered that Lai（来） appeared behind numerals or quantifiers. This paper points out that approximate auxiliary word ＂lai＂ only appears after segment numerals （such as ＂ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand＂ etc.）. Unit numerals （such as ＂one, three, nine＂ etc.） can not form approximate structure together with Lai（来）. As for quantifiers, only the ones with weights and measures units can enter this structure. Part two is research on its semantic meaning. The problem of whether its semantic meaning should be regarded as ＂roughly more＂, ＂roughly less＂ or ＂about＂ has been resulting in disagreement among Chinese linguistic circle. After thorough and detailed inspection, the paper draws the conclusion that ＂about＂ is the one best matches the language facts. It is the case in modern Chinese according to the inspection, and also should be so in Neoteric Chinese.The purpose of the paper is to call attention to the principle of language facts as the ultimate criterion.
摘要：
＂X Yishang（以上）＂ structure is old in Chinese. In order to keep the strictness of accurate meaning, the structure developed and formed three definite modes in modern Chinese. In the first mode, ＂X＂ appears twice such as ＂X Huo（或）/Ji（及）X Yishang（以上）＂. In the second mode, ＂X＂ just appears once, while another word qi（其）is used after it to refer to it again like a pronoun. In the third mode, not only ＂X＂ appears only once, but no other components is used after it. The form of the third one is ＂ X Ji （及）Yishang（以 上）＂. Better shaping, simplification and order can be found in the development of the structure. This paper describes the three modes and explains its development track, In conclusion, it points out that although the development of written language is on the basis of oral language, it is not the simple duplication of that.
摘要：
One-way progressive sentence is a type of complex sentence in modern Chinese,which has three formations,namely concept-condensing,concept-expanding and conceptdeveloping. Three different modes can be found in the pattern of concept-condensing:the repetition of shi(是)-structure,repetition of verb-object structure and repetition of predicates.This paper verifies the existence and diversity of one-way progressive sentences. Through the analysis of the related issues,it can be found that the excavation of language facts plays a decisive role in the deepening of Chinese linguistic research,which should be emphasized in the application of foreign theories in Chinese language research.
摘要：
The paper studies the syntactic structure of the phrase composed of an estimating or measuring word and an antonymous adjective pair such as zhimali daxiao （ as tiny as a sesame grain）, in which zhimali （sesame grain） is used to estimate or measure something that is tiny while daxiao is the combination of two antonymous adjectives. It is generally considered that the antonymous adjective pairs used in such structures are nouns. However, after thorough investigation and multidimensional analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that they should be judged as adjectival forms in nature. It is specially emphasized in the paper that the pairs of antonymous adjectives used in this kind of phrases can not be nouns because they can be modified by the demonstrative pronoun name （那么）.
摘要：
In modern Chinese, wèicǐ(为此) is a prepositional phrase as well as a conjunction. The prepositional phrase wèicǐ developed from a verbal phrase in early ancient. During the Tang and Song dynasties, part of the prepositional phrases began to grammaticalize into a conjunction, and it was fossilized into a full conjunction during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The semantic features and syntactic conditions of this phrase are the two essential factors that contribute to its grammaticalization. Generally speaking, the grammaticalization of wèicǐ as conjunction has been intensified in modern Chinese.
