作者机构：
[Fang, Qiang] Henan Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Agr, Luoyang, Peoples R China.;[Huang, Shuangquan; Fang, Qiang] Cent China Normal Univ, Inst Evolut Ecol, Sch Life Sci, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Huang, Shuangquan] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Life Sci, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Huang, Shuangquan] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Life Sci, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Plant-pollinator interactions can be highly variable across years in natural communities. Although variation in the species composition and its basic structure has been investigated to understand the dynamic nature of pollination networks, little is known about the temporal dynamic of interaction strength between the same plant and pollinator species in any natural community. Pollinator-mediated selection on the evolution of floral traits could be diminished if plant-pollinator interactions vary temporally. To quantify the temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions and the interaction strength (observed visits), we compared weighted networks between plants and pollinators in a biodiverse alpine meadow in Shangri-La, southwest China for 3 consecutive years. Although plant-pollinator interactions were highly dynamic such that identical interactions only accounted for 10.7% of the total between pair years, the diversity of interactions was stable. These identical interactions contributed 41.2% of total visits and were similar in strength and weighted nestedness. For plant species, 72.6% of species were visited by identical pollinator species between pair years, accounting for over half of the total visits and three-quarters at the functional group level. More generalized pollinators contributed more connectiveness and were more central in networks across years. However, there was no similar or even opposite trend for plant species, which suggested that specialized plant species may also be central in pollinator networks. The variation in pollinator composition decreased as pollinator species numbers increased, suggesting that generalized plants experienced stable pollinator partition. The stable, tight interactions between generalized pollinators and specialized plants represent cornerstones of the studied community.
作者机构：
[唐业忠; 陈勤] Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China;[陈其才] School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
作者机构：
[朱雨晴; 沈世萍; 杨旭; 赵云; 郭晴; 梅宇飞; 丁书茂; 尤会会; 李金泉; 李潇潇] Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
通讯机构：
Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
关键词：
甲醛;卵清蛋白;小鼠;氧化损伤;炎症反应
摘要：
为探讨在单独染毒和卵清蛋白(OVA)联合致敏的条件下,甲醛灌胃染毒对小鼠造成的毒性效应,将雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分为7组:对照组(蒸馏水组);OVA致敏组;2mg/(kg?d) FA(甲醛)组;20mg/(kg?d) FA组;200mg/(kg?d) FA组;200mg/(kg?d)FA+ OVA组;200mg/(kg?d) FA+ OVA +MT(褪黑素)组,以蒸馏水和不同浓度甲醛溶液灌胃,连续21d. OVA致敏组,200mg/(kg?d) FA+ OVA组,200mg/(kg?d) FA+ OVA +MT组在第6,13,20d进行腹腔注射OVA致敏;此外,200mg/(kg?d) FA+ OVA +MT组,每天用1.0mg/mL褪黑素灌胃小鼠(小鼠灌胃剂量10mg/(kg?d)),连续21d.检测肝,肾和肺组织中活性氧自由基(ROS),丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,并采用ELISA法检测肝组织中IL-4和IFN -γ的水平.结果表明,与对照组相比,甲醛浓度为200mg/(kg?d),小鼠肝脏ROS含量增加(P<0.05),MDA含量增加以及小鼠肾脏GSH含量降低,均有显著性差异(P<0.05).OVA作为致敏剂,甲醛浓度为200mg/(kg?d)时,肝组织中IL-4(Interleukin-4)含量增加(P<0.01),10mg/(kg?d)褪黑素能够降低200mg/(kg?d)甲醛+OVA染毒小鼠肝脏内ROS含量(P<0.05).综上,200mg/(kg?d)甲醛灌胃染毒能使小鼠产生氧化损伤和炎症反应, ROS, MDA水平上升(P<0.05),GSH水平下降(P<0.05),肝脏中细胞因子IL-4水平上升(P<0.01), IFN -γ水平下降(P<0.05).
摘要：
Aims Distyly has been regarded as an adaptation to improve compatible pollination between two floral morphs with reciprocal herkogamy. The hypothesis that the different positions of anthers and stigmas within flowers as well as their reciprocal position between morphs, reduce the probability of self pollination raised by Darwin has been rarely tested. In this study, we measured stigmatic pollen loads in response to reduced reciprocal herkogamy in two Primula species. Methods To see whether reciprocal herkogamy can increase compatible and/ or reduce incompatible pollen deposition, thus promoting compatible pollination, we shortened the distance between anthers and stigmas within the flowers by changing the position of the corolla tube, to which the anthers were fused, i.e. reduced herkogamy in natural populations of Primula secundiflora and P. poissonii and quantified stigmatic pollen loads in the field over 2 years. Important Findings In both species, stigmatic pollen loads were significantly higher in the long-styled(L-morph) than in the short-styled morph(S-morph) in both control and manipulated flowers, but percentage of compatible pollen in S-morph were higher. Flowers manipulated to halve the anther-stigma distance showed a similar pattern for 2 years: total pollen grain counts on stigmas did not differ significantly but compatible pollen grains in L- and S-morphs were significantly decreased in both species. The percentage of compatible pollen loads was decreased by 68.7% in P. secundiflora and 65.3% in P. poissonii in L-morphs, while it decreased by 30.6% and 2.9% in S-morphs, respectively. Our manipulation of the relative position of anthers and stigmas in the two distylous species indicated that a lower degree of herkogamy reduced compatible but incompatible pollen transfer was likely to increase. The higher proportion of compatible pollen in the S-morph than in the L-morph in the two Primula species could be attributed to the accessibility of two-level sexual organs, floral orientations and pollinator behaviors. This is a first attempt to manipulate intraflower herkogamy for understanding adaptation of heterostyly, shedding insights into how the reciprocal herkogamy promotes compatible pollination.
通讯机构：
College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
关键词：
孩儿参属;形态特征;分类检索表;分类纲要;分布示意图
摘要：
在标本和文献综合分析的基础上,对世界范围内孩儿参属(Pseudostellaria Pax)植物的主要形态特征进行了总结,依据Mizushima的分类系统编制了孩儿参属的分类检索表,对5个存疑种进行了初步分类处理,并对孩儿参属各种类的分布状况进行了绘图和分析。结果表明:具有肉质块根、绝大多数种具有闭锁花以及开放花花瓣常呈2浅裂是孩儿参属区别于石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)其他属的典型特征。初步确认全世界的孩儿参属植物共22种,被分成Sect. Pseudostellaria和Sect. Mamillatae2个组,其中,前者仅包含石生孩儿参[P. rupestris (Turcz.) Pax]1种,而后者则被进一步分成Ser. Mamillatae和Ser. Distantes2个系。本研究结果不支持将P. sierrae Rabeler et R. L. Hartm.和P. oxyphylla (B. L. Rob.) R. L. Hartm. et Rabeler归入孩儿参属的观点,并建议将矮小孩儿参[P. maximowicziana (Franch. et Sav.) Pax]、须弥孩儿参[P. himalaica (Franch.) Pax]和异花孩儿参[P. heterantha(Maxim.) Pax]分别独立成种。从分布区域看,孩儿参属呈北温带间断分布,由北美洲、地中海地区和东亚3个相互隔离的地理区域组成,并且,东亚为其多样化分布中心。
摘要：
Within Baculoviridae, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of replication in betabaculoviruses, despite extensive studies in alphabaculoviruses. In this study, the promoters of nine late genes of the betabaculovirus Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PlxyGV) were cloned into a transient expression vector and the alphabaculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome, and compared with homologous late gene promoters of AcMNPV in Sf9 cells. In transient expression assays, all PlxyGV late promoters were activated in cells transfected with the individual reporter plasmids together with an AcMNPV bacmid. In infected cells, reporter gene expression levels with the promoters of PlxyGV e18 and AcMNPV vp39 and gp41 were significantly higher than those of the corresponding AcMNPV or PlxyGV promoters, which had fewer late promoter motifs. Observed expression levels were lower for the PlxyGV p6.9, pk1, gran, p10a, and p10b promoters than for the corresponding AcMNPV promoters, despite equal numbers of late promoter motifs, indicating that species-specific elements contained in some late promoters were favored by the native viral RNA polymerases for optimal transcription. The 8-nt sequence TAAATAAG encompassing the ATAAG motif was conserved in the AcMNPV polh, p10, and pk1 promoters. The 5-nt sequence CAATT located 4 or 5 nt upstream of the T/ATAAG motif was conserved in the promoters of PlxyGV gran, p10c, and pk1. The results of this study demonstrated that PlxyGV late gene promoters could be effectively activated by the RNA polymerase from AcMNPV, implying that late gene expression systems are regulated by similar mechanisms in alphabaculoviruses and betabaculoviruses.
摘要：
依据中国哺乳类野生种群与生境现状, 我们利用IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1), Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria和Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (Version 4.0), 评价了中国所有已知的673种哺乳动物的濒危状况。本次评估了71种《IUCN濒危物种红色名录(2015)》没有评估的哺乳动物, 还评估了60种《IUCN濒危物种红色名录(2015)》误认为中国没有分布的哺乳动物。发现中国有3种哺乳动物"野外灭绝", 3种"区域灭绝"。受威胁中国哺乳动物共计178种, 约占评估物种总数的26.4%, 高于IUCN濒危物种红色名录的物种平均受威胁率(21.8%)。中国哺乳动物1/4的特有种属于受威胁物种。受威胁比例最高的目是灵长目、食肉目与鲸偶蹄目。多数省区的受威胁哺乳动物物种占本省区哺乳动物总数的20-30%。中国哺乳动物种类多分布在中国第二级地理阶梯。生活在高海拔地区的哺乳动物虽然种类少, 但是受威胁哺乳动物的种类比例高。过度利用、生境丧失和人类干扰名列受威胁哺乳动物致危因子的前3位。自从1989年《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》实施以来, 一些中国濒危哺乳动物的生存状况得到了改善。然而, 鉴于中国哺乳动物区系的独特性和多样性, 以及中国地形地貌的复杂性, 如何拯救这些濒危物种仍是中国生物多样性保护的一项艰巨任务。
作者机构：
[Lyu P.-J.; 曹巍; 孙蕾; 夏天; 陈国; 马超; 龚芬芬; 韩鹏黎] Translational Medicine Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450007, China;[朱怡然] School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430000, China
作者机构：
[杨丹丹; 程艳玲; 佀文娟] College of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;[王欣] College of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China. xueyue312@aliyun.com
关键词：
外侧丘系背核;发放模式;频率调谐;强度调谐;小鼠
摘要：
外侧丘系背核(dorsal nuclei of lateral lemniscus, DNLL)是听觉信息上传通路中的神经核团,是下丘抑制性输入的重要来源。目前对DNLL的研究远不如对听觉低位脑干和中脑下丘那么广泛而深入,对于小鼠这种常用听觉模式动物的DNLL的研究尚未见报道。本实验在自由声场条件下,采用单单位细胞外记录的方法,研究了昆明小鼠(Mus musculus, Km) DNLL神经元对纯音的声反应特性。实验结果显示,小鼠DNLL神经元对纯音刺激的发放模式分为瞬时型(36%)与长时型(64%)两类,两类发放模式对应的特征频率和阈值存在显著性差异。DNLL神经元的频率调谐曲线(frequency tuning curves, FTCs)均为开放的“V”型,瞬时型与长时型神经元的FTC无显著差异,但长时型神经元中持续型神经元的FTC明显较起始-持续型和暂停型神经元更为锐化。与猫等动物不同,小鼠DNLL神经元的特征频率与深度之间无线性相关(P > 0.05),未见背腹轴音频拓扑组构。DNLL神经元的放电率-强度函数(rate-intensity function, RIF)分为单调型(60%)、饱和型(31%)和非单调型(8%)。三种RIF均包含瞬时型与长时型发放模式,瞬时型神经元对应的动态范围显著小于长时型(P < 0.01),这可能与瞬时型神经元接受较多的抑制性输入有关。小鼠DNLL神经元存在多样的发放模式和声强编码方式,源于其接受多个听觉核团的投射,其在听觉信息的处理过程中发挥不同的作用。
