摘要：
The modal adverb míngmíng（明明） has two mood expressing functions with one emphasizing the obviousness of judgment and the other the absoluteness of the fact.Both of them express strong affirmation,which is,to a certain extent,subjective in nature,but the former has a higher degree of subjectivity than the latter.The subjectivity of míngmíng becomes explicit only in specific sentences,and it is restricted by the semantic background when it is used in a sen-tence.The two different emphatic uses of míngmíng are realized against two different back-grounds.The modal adverb míngmíng derives from the ancient Chinese adjective míngmíng,as the result of the process of grammaticalization and subjectiviszation.
关键词：
“来”;概数结构;构造形式;段位数词;表义状况;左右;approximate structure with Lai（来）
摘要：
Approximate structure with Lai（来）, such as ＂ten ＋ Lai（来） （ge, which is a measure word）, thirty＋ Lai（来） （bowls）＂, is discussed in this paper. It consists of two parts. Part one is discussion on its formal structure. Previously, it was considered that Lai（来） appeared behind numerals or quantifiers. This paper points out that approximate auxiliary word ＂lai＂ only appears after segment numerals （such as ＂ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand＂ etc.）. Unit numerals （such as ＂one, three, nine＂ etc.） can not form approximate structure together with Lai（来）. As for quantifiers, only the ones with weights and measures units can enter this structure. Part two is research on its semantic meaning. The problem of whether its semantic meaning should be regarded as ＂roughly more＂, ＂roughly less＂ or ＂about＂ has been resulting in disagreement among Chinese linguistic circle. After thorough and detailed inspection, the paper draws the conclusion that ＂about＂ is the one best matches the language facts. It is the case in modern Chinese according to the inspection, and also should be so in Neoteric Chinese.The purpose of the paper is to call attention to the principle of language facts as the ultimate criterion.
摘要：
The paper points out 3 distinct phonetic features of dialects on the Jianghan Plain. The rusheng tone retains. Consonants evolved from MC initial wei 微 are bilabials [m]. Stops and affricatives evolved from MC voiced initials are aspirated, which bear characteristics found in Gan group. directly related to the migration from The formation of dialects on the Jianghan Plain is Jiangxi to Hubei in the history.
摘要：
＂Yao（要）X jiu（就）X＂ is a typical cancelled structure,which has not been comprehensively studied yet.We can gain a deeper understanding of it by carrying out a comprehensive analysis from the perspective of its morphological form,syntactic structure,pragmatic and semantic meanings.
摘要：
＂X Yishang（以上）＂ structure is old in Chinese. In order to keep the strictness of accurate meaning, the structure developed and formed three definite modes in modern Chinese. In the first mode, ＂X＂ appears twice such as ＂X Huo（或）/Ji（及）X Yishang（以上）＂. In the second mode, ＂X＂ just appears once, while another word qi（其）is used after it to refer to it again like a pronoun. In the third mode, not only ＂X＂ appears only once, but no other components is used after it. The form of the third one is ＂ X Ji （及）Yishang（以 上）＂. Better shaping, simplification and order can be found in the development of the structure. This paper describes the three modes and explains its development track, In conclusion, it points out that although the development of written language is on the basis of oral language, it is not the simple duplication of that.
