作者机构：
[Chen, Bizhong; Yao, Liangshuang] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Huang, Xuan] Beijing Normal Univ, Fac Psychol, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Sun, XJ] Cent China Normal Univ CCNU, Sch Psychol, 382 Xiongchu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XJ ] C;Cent China Normal Univ CCNU, Sch Psychol, 382 Xiongchu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
social anxiety;social relationships;longitudinal studies;meta-analysis
摘要：
It is theoretically plausible that social anxiety (SA) and social relationships (SR) can influence each other. However, the available empirical evidence is inconsistent, leading to substantial uncertainty regarding the cross-lagged relations between SA and SR. This meta-analysis systematically integrates data from 107 longitudinal studies, comprising 110 independent samples and involving a total of 115,133 participants from childhood to adulthood. Four types of SR were assessed: family-related, school-related, romantic, and general relationships. One-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling was applied to fit four cross-lagged panel models and to test potential moderators. No significant publication bias was detected. Effect size analyses revealed that prior SA significantly and negatively predicted quality of all types of SR. Family-related and general relationships each predicted prospective SA symptoms, but school-related and romantic relationships did not. No moderators were identified in analyses of family-related and romantic relationships. However, the publication year, sample age, gender, reporter, and time lag played a moderating role in analyses of school-related and general relationships. These findings suggest that SA is a crucial factor undermining SR and that dysfunctional family and general relationships also contribute to the exacerbation of SA symptoms. The strengths, limitations, and future directions of this study are discussed. Public Significance Statement A hotly debated issue in academia is whether past social anxiety (SA) hinders future social relationships(SR) or if prior poor SR precipitate subsequent SA symptoms. To shed light on this matter, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, encompassing data from 107 longitudinal studies and involving over 110,000 participants. The findings suggest that SA poses a significant risk to all types of SR, but only family-related and general relationships potentially impacted later levels of SA.
期刊：
Journal of Affective Disorders,2024年352:321-332 ISSN：0165-0327
通讯作者：
Sun, XJ
作者机构：
[Sun, Xiaojun; Sun, XJ; Mao, Peipei; Chen, Bizhong; Cai, Zhihui] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Mao, Peipei; Chen, Bizhong; Cai, Zhihui] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun] Beijing Normal Univ, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XJ ] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Burnout;Meta-analysis;Problematic internet use
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Burnout has received considerable attention in recent years because of the adverse consequences for people. Theoretical perspectives propose that problematic internet use is a significant potential risk for burnout. Despite a plethora of studies showing a positive association between problematic internet use and burnout, there remains a contentious debate regarding the extent and direction of this association. METHODS: This study aims to perform a three-level meta-analysis to evaluate the strength of the relationship between problematic internet use and burnout through a quantitative synthesis of eligible studies published until April 2023. RESULTS: A total of 42 studies with 54,121 participants and 103 effect sizes were identified. The results indicated a positive, moderate, and significant association between problematic internet use and burnout. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis found that this association was moderated by population, dimension of burnout, and the measure of burnout, however, some study features (i.e., region, type of problematic internet use, gender, and publication year) could not explain the heterogeneity across individual studies. LIMITATIONS: Studies included in the current meta-analysis mainly used cross-sectional designs, which limited the potential to make inferences on the causal relationship between problematic internet use and burnout. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with problematic internet use have exhibited higher levels of burnout. Overall, these findings develop a deeper understanding of this association between problematic internet use and burnout and have implications for the direction of future research and interventions.
期刊：
INTERNET AND HIGHER EDUCATION,2024年60:100923 ISSN：1096-7516
通讯作者：
Cai, Zhihui;Sun, XJ
作者机构：
[Wang, Zhikeng; Hao, Xin; Sun, Xiaojun; Sun, XJ; Mao, Peipei; Cai, Zhihui; Cai, ZH] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Zhikeng; Hao, Xin; Sun, Xiaojun; Mao, Peipei; Cai, Zhihui] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Fan, Xitao] Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Fac Educ, Hong Kong 999077, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun] Beijing Normal Univ, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XJ ; Cai, ZH] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Dynamic feedback;Static feedback;Digital game-based learning;Task difficulty;Learning outcomes;Educational games
摘要：
To provide more useful feedback strategies in DGBL, this study investigated the effects of dynamic feedback (feedback contents adjusted to game task difficulty) and static feedback (the same feedback contents for all tasks) on students' learning by using an educational programming game with easy to difficult game tasks. In addition, a lag sequence analysis was used to analyze the behavior patterns of learners. A sample of 105 university students were randomly assigned to four feedback treatment conditions. The results showed that dynamic feedback, with feedback contents appropriately adjusted to the task difficulty levels (i.e., simple hints after easy game tasks and detailed explanations after difficult game tasks), were more effective in enhancing students' learning achievement and gaming engagement. Furthermore, we also found that providing detailed explanations after both easy and difficult game tasks led to a decrease in learners' engagement. The implications of findings and future research directions are discussed.
作者机构：
[Liu, Jingjing; Sun, Xiaojun; Sun, XJ; Duan, Changying; Bai, Xuqing] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Jingjing] Yancheng Teachers Univ, Dept Students Affairs, Yancheng 224007, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Jingjing; Sun, Xiaojun; Sun, XJ; Duan, Changying; Bai, Xuqing] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Wu, Li] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Wu, Li; Sun, XJ] Beijing Normal Univ Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XJ ] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;Beijing Normal Univ Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
PIU;adolescents;hiding online behavior;parental active mediation;parent–child relationship
摘要：
In today's information society, with the growing integration of the Internet into individuals' lives, problematic Internet use (PIU) among adolescents has become more prevalent. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the correlation between active parental mediation and PIU in adolescents, as well as the potential mediating roles of parent-child relationship and adolescents' hiding online behavior. A total of 539 middle school students (mean age = 13.384) were recruited for this study and participated by completing a series of paper-and-pencil questionnaires. The findings indicated a significant negative relationship between active parental mediation and PIU. Furthermore, both the mediating role of the parent-child relationship and the role of hiding online behavior were found to be significant. Specifically, the mediating role is comprised of two paths: the independent mediating role of the parent-child relationship, and the sequential mediating role involving both the parent-child relationship and hiding online behavior. The study contributes an innovative theoretical perspective to deepen the understanding of the formation mechanism of PIU. Moreover, it offers practical empirical insights for the prevention and intervention of PIU among adolescents.
作者机构：
[Deng, Huiying; Kong, Fanchang; Sun, Xiaojun; Meng, Sujie; Wang, Meiru] Cent China Normal Univ, Minist Educ, Sch Psychol, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Fanchang Kong] K;Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
关键词：
Media multitasking;Cognitive control;Three-level meta-analysis;Moderators
摘要：
Media multitasking is an ever-increasing phenomenon whereby different forms of media are used simultaneously. Numerous studies have shown that media multitasking is closely related to an individual’s cognitive control abilities. However, existing evidence remains controversial, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Therefore, to increase the understanding of whether and how frequent media multitasking is associated with cognitive control, a three-level meta-analysis, which included 43 studies and 118 effect sizes, was performed to acquire overall differences between heavy and light media multitaskers and to explore potential moderators that may account for the heterogeneity. The results showed a moderate mean negative association between media multitasking and cognitive control, and this association was moderated by the type of cognitive control. Specifically, heavy media multitaskers showed worse inhibitory control and working memory than light media multitaskers, but there was no significant difference in cognitive flexibility. Moreover, the effect was moderated by the measurement type of the dependent variable. The results of this study enhance our understanding of this issue and pave the way for a more nuanced view of altering experimental designs to investigate cognitive control in educational settings.
期刊：
Psychology of Popular Media,2023年 ISSN：2689-6567
通讯作者：
Sun, XJ
作者机构：
[Sun, Xiaojun; Chen, Bizhong; Yao, Liangshuang] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Chen, Bizhong; Yao, Liangshuang] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Qilin] Guangdong Ocean Univ, Mental Hlth Educat & Consultat Ctr, Zhanjiang, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Sun, XJ] Cent China Normal Univ CCNU, Sch Psychol, 382 Xiongchu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XJ ] C;Cent China Normal Univ CCNU, Sch Psychol, 382 Xiongchu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
social media;discontinuous use;general use;problematic use;social media fatigue
摘要：
As users' psychological involvement with social media enters a bottleneck, social media fatigue (SMF) is silently growing. Numerous studies investigating the relationship between social media use and SMF have shown disparate results, leading to substantial uncertainty of SMF in relation to different types of social media use. To clarify this controversy, this study used the three-level meta-analytic method to quantitatively synthesize 121 studies with 213 effect sizes (N = 55,896). No significant publication bias was detected. Results showed that SMF was highly positively related to both discontinuous use (r = .46) and problematic use (r = .43), but negligibly related to general use (r = .09). Moderator analyses indicated that the age of the sample, assessment mode, and type of social media moderated the relationship between SMF and social media use. These findings suggest a widespread "SMF paradox" among social media users, in which they have a negative attitude toward social media but still rely heavily on it and do not significantly reduce the intensity of their use. Instead, they may tend to engage in passive use. We attempted to explain this phenomenon from the three-dimensional perspective of social media use.
期刊：
Current Psychology,2023年42(8):6494-6500 ISSN：1046-1310
通讯作者：
Ni, X.;Sun, X.;Zhou, Z.
作者机构：
School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China;Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China;Institute of Social Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China;Collaborative Innovation Center of Assement toward Basic Education Quality, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan, China;[Sun X.; Zhou Z.] School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China, Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assement toward Basic Education Quality, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan, 430079, China
通讯机构：
[Zongkui Zhou; Xiaojun Sun] S;[Xiaoli Ni] I;School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Collaborative Innovation Center of Assement toward Basic Education Quality, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Institute of Social Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China<&wdkj&>School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Collaborative Innovation Center of Assement toward Basic Education Quality, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan, China
关键词：
Internet scale development;Scale validation;Self-expansion
期刊：
Teaching and Teacher Education,2023年129:104167 ISSN：0742-051X
通讯作者：
Sun, Xiaojun;Niu, GF
作者机构：
[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying; Zhang, Yamei; Yao, Liangshuang; Sun, XJ] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying; Zhang, Yamei; Yao, Liangshuang] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Minist Educ, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng] Beijing Normal Univ, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XJ; Niu, GF ] C;Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Teaching presence;Affective engagement;Cognitive load;Need for cognition
摘要：
The association between teaching presence and learners' affective engagement was examined, along with the mediating effect of cognitive load and the moderating effects of need for cognition. A self-report survey of 883 university students was carried out. Results showed that teaching presence enhanced affective engagement, in part through cognitive load, and that need for cognition amplified teaching presence's beneficial effect while attenuating cognitive load's detrimental one on affective engagement. The results may help us better understand how instructional elements affect learners' affective -motivational outcomes by supporting the integrated expectancy-value-cost theory and cognitive load theory perspective. Practical implications were discussed.(c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
期刊：
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,2023年21(3):1334-1347 ISSN：1557-1874
通讯作者：
Niu, Gengfeng;Tian, Yuan
作者机构：
[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying; Zhang, Yamei] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying; Zhang, Yamei] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng] Beijing Normal Univ, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Xu, Lei] Jianghan Univ, Sch Educ, Wuhan 430056, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Niu, GF; Tian, Y] C;[Niu, GF; Tian, Y] B;Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;Beijing Normal Univ, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Ostracism;Problematic smartphone use;Social self-efficacy;Rejection sensitivity;The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model
摘要：
Problematic smartphone use has become a prominent social problem, and factors shaping this behavior have been a research focus. Based on the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model, we examined the association between ostracism and problematic smartphone use, and individual differences in the relation (i.e., the mediating role of social self-efficacy and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity). A sample of 800 undergraduates were recruited to complete questionnaires. The SPSS PROCESS was used to test the moderated mediation model and the Johnson-Neyman method was used to analyze the moderating effect of rejection sensitivity. As predicted, ostracism was positively associated with problematic smartphone use. Social self-efficacy partially mediated this relation. Rejection sensitivity moderated the relation between ostracism and social self-efficacy—with the association being weaker for students with higher rejection sensitivity. The results have both theoretical and practical implications.
作者机构：
[Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying; Yu, Li] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Lian, Shuailei] Yangtze Univ, Coll Educ & Sport Sci, Jingzhou 434023, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng] Beijing Normal Univ, Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiaojun Sun; Gengfeng Niu] B;Beijing Normal University Collaboration Innovation Center, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan 430079, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China<&wdkj&>School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
关键词：
photo activity on SNS;thin-ideal internalization;body appreciation;body dissatisfaction;sociocultural theory
通讯机构：
[Xiaojun Sun; Gengfeng Niu] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China<&wdkj&>School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
关键词：
deviant peer affiliation;SNS;tobacco and alcohol information;tobacco and alcohol use;digital literacy;adolescents
期刊：
British Journal of Educational Psychology,2022年92(4):1651-1666 ISSN：0007-0998
通讯作者：
Sun, X.;Niu, G.
作者机构：
[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying; Zhang, Yamei; Yao, Liangshuang] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Duan, Changying; Zhang, Yamei; Yao, Liangshuang] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Tian, Yuan; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng] Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Beijing Normal Univ Collaborat Innovat Ctr, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng] Cent China Normal Univ, Ctr Res Internet Literacy & Behav, Wuhan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiaojun Sun; Gengfeng Niu] S;School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Beijing Normal University Collaboration Innovation Center, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Center for Research on Internet Literacy and Behavior, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
关键词：
cognitive presence;cyberloafing;lack of attention;normative influence;social presence;teaching presence
作者机构：
[Jin, Siyu; Yang, Wencheng; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Shi, Xiaohan] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Jin, Siyu; Yang, Wencheng; Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng; Shi, Xiaohan] Minist Educ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav CCNU, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng] Cent China Normal Univ, Ctr Res Internet Literacy & Behav, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaojun; Niu, Gengfeng] Cent China Normal Univ Branch, Collaborat Innovat Ctr Assessment Basic Educ Qual, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Wu, Yang] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Marxism, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Yang Wu] A;[Xiaojun Sun] C;Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan 430079, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China<&wdkj&>Center for Research on Internet Literacy and Behavior, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China<&wdkj&>School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>School of Marxism, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
关键词：
Machiavellianism;online gift-giving;live video streaming;desire for control;materialism
期刊：
International Journal of Psychophysiology,2022年182:211-219 ISSN：0167-8760
通讯作者：
Ming Peng
作者机构：
[Sun, Xiaoju; Peng, Ming; Duan, Qiaochu; Yang, Huicong] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, 152 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan 430079, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaoju; Peng, Ming] Cent China Normal Univ, Key Lab Adolescent Cyberpsychol & Behav, Minist Educ, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Xiaoju; Peng, Ming] Cent China Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Wuhan, Peoples R China.;[Gu, Ruolei] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, Key Lab Behav Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Gu, Ruolei] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Dept Psychol, Beijing, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Ming Peng] S;School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of the Ministry of Education and School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
摘要：
Although previous studies have shown that task performance is affected by others' presence and (the consequences of) others' actions, it is unclear how task performance varies in different social situations and the role that sex plays in it. In the present study, we investigated sex differences in the evaluation processing of another person's outcomes in both cooperative and competitive contexts. We recorded the event-related potentials (ERPs) of 72 normal adults who played a gambling task with a partner or against an opponent. The behavioral results indicate that males take longer to make decisions in competitive contexts, while females take longer to make decisions in cooperative contexts. According to the ERP findings, feedback-related negativity (FRN) was influenced by sex, with larger FRN following another person's loss among males in both cooperative and competitive contexts. The P300 was influenced by sex and context, such that males had greater P300 when another person made a gain under the cooperative context, while females had greater P300 when another person lost under the cooperative context. Our findings suggest that the processing of another person's outcome can be modulated by the sex during the early stage and by both the context and sex during the late stage.
