摘要：
This text put forward a framework of ＂P （x,y 又）, Q＂ causal construction, where the mark isn＇t as obvious as other constructions and give an in-depth discussion of its＇ syntactical-semantic constraints and restriction mechanism in discourses. Syntactically, it behaves a certain type of Gestalt and n＋1 （n〉2） is the prototype. Semantically, the construction is constrainted by the logical basis, conjunctional marks, expression way and ellipsis. Pragmatically the first performance of the discourse constraints behaves in different order, where the cognitive domain and syntactic-semantic characteristics are either different. Conversely, once the construction formed, there＇ll be counterforces to the phenomenon of mismatches. Finally, we advocate complex sentences should be a supeior observation point during discussion of discourse constructions.
摘要：
In conversational Chinese, when he / she directly quotes others ' words or words of himself / herself in another context, the speaker reuses the introducing elements 'I /( s) he / you+say( 我 / 他 / 你 +说) ' preceding the direct quotations. The phenomenon is termed in this article as'repetition of quotation-introducing elements'. Its major function is to set boundaries between the direct quotation and the speech of the current speaker and to label the identity of direct quotations. It is also a significant feature of spoken Chinese which is highly different from the written register. Through this method, the hearer can definitely make a distinction between the two kinds of speech. The repetition is functionally motivated, and therefore it is widely used not only in Mandarin Chinese, but also in Chinese dialects and other languages.
摘要：
Gengbuyongshuo（更不用说） is rather idiomtized（i.e let alone） than a phrase meaning in modem Chinese. The semantic function of obviousness and apparentness and pragmatic principle of economy of Gengbuyongshuo（更不用说） determines the omission of its subsequent components. And its long-term frequent use makes ＂Geng（更）＋buyong（不用）＋shuo（说）＂ gradually solidified into a whole from a cross-layer structure. Backtrack reasoning is compulsory to interpret the clause of Gengbuyongshuo（更不用说）. The negative and positive semantic cascade inferences of Gengbuyongshuo（更不用说） and their tendency are discussed in this paper.
摘要：
Authors of this paper believe that the non-interrogative ＂Shenme（什么）＂ can be divided into three periods： 1）Tang and Five Dynasties period; 2）Song and Yuan dynasty period, 3）Ming and Qing dynasty period. There are two sequences existing in the development of ＂Shenme（ 什么 ）＂. 1）unclear reference〉arbitrary reference; 2）indicative〉substitutive. The paper also inspects the two sequences from the typological point of view.
摘要：
Because different learners will commit different errors, the focus of error analysis varies with different learners and situations. Vietnamese students usually commit two kinds of errors in learning ＂了＂ sentence, one being omission error and the other redundant. At the initial stage, they can acquire ＂了2＂ better than ＂了1 ＂. At the intermediate level, they still have doubts about the both. At a more advanced level, most errors are found in their use of ＂了1＂, whose cause is related to the negative transfer of their mother tongue.
摘要：
This thesis suggests that the single reference is relative, whereas the reference system is absolute. The ＂dixia＂ which means ＂on the ground＂ can not be explained by single reference. The reference system of ＂dixia＂ consists of direction reference and location reference. Although the reference system of ＂dixia＂ concerns with people （not limits to speakers）, ＂di （地）＂ can still function as a reference, since it is the object in background, the substance which used to determine the location, which is the same as the ＂di＂ in ＂ ~shang （地上）＂. ＂dixia＂ can be used independently and contrastively. Only when used independently, it requires the height of goal can be overlooked. This is the result of the restriction of reference system of ＂dixia＂. In this restriction of reference system, the use of ＂dixia＂ has a ＂low-position effect＂, which means the goal by ＂dixia＂ is always on a comparatively low position. bearing
